Cis Chapter 5 Study Guide

CS200-Chapter5-Homework Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____1. A(n) ____ is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer. a. |keyboard|c. |gamepad| b. |light pen|d. |stylus| ____2. As shown in the accompanying figure, a(n) ____ is a touch-sensitive display device. a. |stylus|c. |gamepad| b. |touch screen|d. |touch remote| ____3. A(n) ____ is a freestanding computer that includes a touch screen. a. |encoder|c. |modem| b. |kiosk|d. |telemeter| ____4.The Wii ____ is a motion-sensing input device that uses Bluetooth wireless technology to communicate with the Wii game console. a. |Tooth|c. |Remote| b. |Bluetool|d. |gamepad| ____5. On a ____, sometimes called a game controller, users press buttons or move sticks in various directions to activate events. a. |gamepad|c. |trackball| b. |Click Wheel|d. |touch screen| ____6. ____ is the process of entering data by speaking into a mic rophone. a. |MIDI|c. |Voice over| b. |Speech recognition|d. |Voice input| ____7. Voice input is part of a larger category of input called ____ input. a. |audible|c. |integrated| b. audio|d. |aural| ____8. Voice ____ is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone. a. |recognition|c. |concatenation| b. |input|d. |indexing| ____9. Audio ____ is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as speech, music, and sound effects. a. |recognition|c. |concatenation| b. |input|d. |indexing| ____10. A(n) ____ is the smallest element in an electronic image. a. |bit|c. |pixel| b. |candela|d. |nit| ____11. As shown in the accompanying figure, a ____ is a video camera that displays its output on a Web page. a. |Web cam|c. |PC camera| b. |PDA|d. |video conference| ____12.A(n) ____ conference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people who use a network or the Internet to transmit audio and video data. a. |video|c. |dynamic| b. |distance|d. |profession al| ____13. A(n) ____ cam enables a home or small business user to capture video and still images, send e-mail messages with video attachments, add live images to instant messages, broadcast live images over the Internet, and make video telephone calls. a. |online|c. |conference| b. |Web|d. |vid| ____14. A(n) ____ scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it creates a file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy a. thermal|c. |flatbed| b. |drum|d. |rolling| ____15. A bar code ____ uses laser beams to read bar codes. a. |device|c. |processor| b. |cam|d. |reader| ____16. An MICR ____ converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process. a. |device|c. |processor| b. |cam|d. |reader| ____17. A fingerprint ____ captures curves and indentations in a fingerprint. a. |identifier|c. |reader| b. |biometer|d. |processor| ____18. ____ is data that has been processed into a useful form. a. |Concatenation|c. |Output| b. |Recognition|d. |Input| ____19. A ____ de vice is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. . |processor|c. |graphical| b. |basal|d. |display| ____20. A(n) ____ is a display device that is packaged as a separate peripheral. a. |scanner|c. |monitor| b. |biometer|d. |both a and c| ____21. A(n) ____ monitor like the one shown in the accompanying figure, uses a liquid crystal display to produce images. a. |pixel|c. |plasma| b. |graphical|d. |LCD| ____22. ____ describes the difference in light intensity between the brightest white and darkest black that can be displayed on a monitor like the one in the accompanying figure. a. |Pixel pitch|c. |Contrast ratio| b. |Resolution|d. |Refresh rate| ____23.The quality of a monitor like the one in the accompanying figure depends primarily on its ____. a. |screen size|c. |base| b. |resolution|d. |voltage| ____24. ____ is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. a. |Pixel depth|c. |Bit depth| b. |Color index|d. |Resolution| ____25 . A(n) ____ monitor is a display device that uses gas plasma technology, which sandwiches a layer of gas between two glass plates. a. |resolved|c. |plasma| b. |topology|d. |gaseous| ____26. For a display device like the one in the accompanying figure, all of the following are common sizes EXCEPT____ inches. . |15|c. |20| b. |17|d. |22| ____27. A(n) ____ monitor like the one in the accompanying figure is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode ray tube. a. |LCD|c. |plasma| b. |CRT|d. |PCX| ____28. ____ is a wireless technology for printing. a. |RFID|c. |Bluetooth| b. |Stylus|d. |Wii| ____29. Printer resolution is measured in ____. a. |pixels|c. |hertz| b. |dots per inch|d. |pages per minute| ____30. A(n) ____ printer is any category of printer that forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper. a. |character|c. |nonimpact| b. |laser|d. |ink-jet| ____31.A(n) ____ printer is a type of nonimpact printer that forms characters and graphics by spra ying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. a. |plasma|c. |ink-jet| b. |thermal|d. |dot-matrix| ____32. A(n) ____ generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. a. |laser printer|c. |photo-quality printer| b. |thermal printer|d. |ink-jet printer| ____33. A(n) ____ peripheral is a single device that looks like a copy machine but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine a. |multivariate|c. |multiple| b. |multifunction|d. multifaceted| ____34. A dot-matrix printer is a kind of ____ printer. a. |laser|c. |nonimpact| b. |plotter|d. |impact| ____35. A(n) ____ printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. a. |laser|c. |plotter| b. |impact|d. |ink-jet| ____36. A(n) ____ output device is a component of a computer that produces music, speech, or other sounds, such as beeps. a. |video|c. |aural| b. |audio|d . |sensory| ____37. To boost low bass sounds, surround sound speaker systems also include a ____. a. |headset|c. |subwoofer| b. graphics chips|d. |multifunction peripheral| ____38. ____ are audio output devices that rest inside the ear canal. a. |Faxes|c. |UPCs| b. |Audiophones|d. |Earbuds| ____39. The ____ requires any company with 15 or more employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the needs of physically challenged workers. a. |Sarbanes-Oxley Act|c. |Workers’ Protection Act| b. |ADA|d. |W3C Act| ____40. Two output options for blind users are ____. a. |Braille printer and headset| b. |voice output and Braille printer| c. |on-screen keyboard and head-mounted pointer| d. |head mounted pointer and voice recognition|True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____41. A wireless keyboard uses ultraviolet light waves to communicate with the computer. ____42. If a touch screen like the one in the accompanying figure recognizes multiple points of contact at the same time, it is known as a multi-touch screen. ____43. Many handheld game consoles have touch screens. ____44. Gamepads can communicate with a game console or personal computer via wired or wireless technology. ____45. Joysticks and wheels are typically wireless and not attached via a cable to a personal computer or game console. ___46. Musical instrument and balance board controllers communicate with game consoles via wired or wireless technology. ____47. The most expensive kind of digital camera is a field camera. ____48. One factor that affects the quality of a digital camera is its resolution. ____49. The only equipment necessary for a video conference is a Web cam. ____50. A digital video camera records video as an analog signal. ____51. RFID requires line-of-sight transmission. ____52. A bar code identifies the price, the manufacturer, and the size of the product. ____53.Exposure to a magnet or magnetic field can erase the content of a card’s magnetic stripe. _ ___54. Some newer keyboards and notebook computers have a fingerprint scanner built into them. ____55. Signature verification systems use a specialized pen and tablet. ____56. An ATM is a self-service banking machine that connects to a host computer through a network. ____57. Plasma monitors offer smaller screen sizes and lower display quality than LCD monitors, but are less expensive. ____58. All high-quality CRT monitors like the one shown in the accompanying figure comply with a set of standards that defines acceptable levels of EMR. ___59. Monitors like the one in the accompanying figure produce a small amount of electromagnetic radiation. ____60. Many different printers exist with varying speeds, capabilities, and printing methods. ____61. Operating in a manner similar to a copy machine, a dye-sublimation printer creates images using a laser beam and powdered ink, called toner. ____62. A disadvantage of multifunction peripherals is that they are significantly more expensive tha n if a user purchased each device separately. ____63. Most personal computers have a small internal speaker that emits high-quality sound. ____64.An on-screen keyboard is a graphic of a standard keyboard that is displayed on the user’s screen. ____65. Visually impaired users can change Windows Vista settings to increase the size or change the color of text, making it easier to read. CS200-Chapter5-Homework Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS:APTS:1DIF:PREF:190 OBJ:1 2. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:193 OBJ:3 3. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:SREF:193 OBJ:3 4. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:196 OBJ:5 5. ANS:APTS:1DIF:PREF:196 OBJ:5 6. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:198 OBJ:5 7. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:SREF:198 OBJ:5 8. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:198 OBJ:5 9. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:198 OBJ:5 10. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:198OBJ:5 11. ANS:APTS:1DIF:PREF:199 OBJ:5 12. ANS:APTS:1DIF:PREF:199 OBJ:5 13. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:199 OBJ:5 14. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:200 OBJ:5 15. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:201 OBJ:5 16. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:202 OBJ:5 17. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:202 OBJ: 5 18. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:206 OBJ:6 19. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:207 OBJ:6 20. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:207 OBJ:6 21. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:208 OBJ:6 22. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:SREF:209 OBJ:6 23. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:SREF:209 OBJ:6 24. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:209 OBJ:6 25. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:210 OBJ:6 26. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:SREF:210 OBJ:6 27. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:210 OBJ:6 28. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:SREF:212 OBJ:7 29.ANS:BPTS:1DIF:SREF:213 OBJ:7 30. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:213 OBJ:7 31. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:PREF:213 OBJ:7 32. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:215 OBJ:7 33. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:215 OBJ:7 34. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:217 OBJ:7 35. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:217 OBJ:7 36. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:217 OBJ:8 37. ANS:CPTS:1DIF:SREF:217 OBJ:8 38. ANS:DPTS:1DIF:PREF:218 OBJ:8 39. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:PREF:220 OBJ:9 40. ANS:BPTS:1DIF:SREF:221 OBJ:9 TRUE/FALSE 41. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:190 OBJ:1 42. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:193 OBJ:3 43. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:193 OBJ:3 44. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:196 OBJ:5 45. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:PREF:196 OBJ:5 46. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:196 OBJ:5 47.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:197 OB J:5 48. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:198 OBJ:5 49. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:199 OBJ:5 50. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:PREF:199 OBJ:5 51. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:201 OBJ:5 52. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:201 OBJ:5 53. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:202 OBJ:5 54. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:202 OBJ:5 55. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:203 OBJ:5 56. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:PREF:204 OBJ:5 57. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:210 OBJ:6 58. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:211 OBJ:6 59. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:211 OBJ:6 60. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:211 OBJ:7 61. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:214 OBJ:7 62. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:215 OBJ:7 63. ANS:FPTS:1DIF:SREF:217 OBJ:8 64. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:220 OBJ:8 65. ANS:TPTS:1DIF:SREF:221 OBJ:9

How does Jane Austen ensure that Lizzy and Darcy are the most attractive couple in the novel? Essay

We are introduced to the character of Lizzy early on, and in such away that we are immediately given a positive impression of her. We first hear of her in a conversation between Mr and Mrs Bennet when discussing the arrival of Mr Bingley. â€Å"I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy† Mr Bennet says, â€Å"Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters† This is the first impression that we have of Lizzy. To introduce her character in this way means that even before meeting her, we are already thinking of her character and already have an image of her in our minds. We see that Mr Bennet points out Lizzy’s ‘quickness’, showing that she is clever and not absent minded and dull. By hearing his praise of her, we can not dislike her unless we see something that we disapprove, which never occurs, as such. In order for Darcy and Elizabeth to be attractive as a couple, they also need to be attractive as individuals. Their attractiveness, not just of looks but of personality, are hinted to us throughout the novel. Lizzy is strong-willed, witty, bright and intelligent. â€Å"Really, ma’am, I think it would be very hard upon younger sisters, that they should not have their share of society and amusement, because the elderly may not have the means or inclination to marry early. The last born has a good a right to the pleasures of youth as the first.† This is from the conversation between Lizzy and Lady Catherine about Lydia’s marriage, which shows how Lizzy is happy to speak her mind and show her point of view. To the reader this is admirable, perhaps especially at the time when in society she would have kept it to herself due to her age, position and feminism. We see also, that various people, like her father, have much more respect for her due to it. This leads to influence us to see her in the same way. Darcy originally appears to us in a different manner. While the first impression we get of Lizzy is positive, the impression we get of Darcy is soon considerably negative. However, Jane Austen does not immediately influence us to dislike him. â€Å"his friend Mr Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien, and the report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a-year.† The quote is taken from when Darcy first enters the story at the Meryton ball. He is talked of with much approval and very much admired. However, this view is soon altered when we witness his conversation with Bingley at the dance. Bingley is attempting to persuade Darcy to participate and to dance with Lizzy. â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men.† This insults Lizzy, being in her earshot, and yet she can laugh at how ridiculous his manner was. His rudeness also influences the reader of how we perceive him. With additional incidents similar, we are for a long time under the impression that Darcy is a very proud and rude man and so it takes a long time to change our views. However, with the image of the very first description of Darcy, there is something slightly attractive in his character to grow on. It is interesting to note that although Darcy is handsome and very rich, we do not base his attractiveness individually on this. There are also other attractive features of Darcy that develop later on in the novel. This is interesting as it is opposite to an incident in the book concerning Wickham. â€Å"She could have added, â€Å"A young man, too, like you, whose very countenance may vouch for your being amiable†.† Here Lizzy has mistaken the good looks of Wickham for goodness. While Wickham is attractive in the face, his personality is not so. We are not only drawn to Darcy for his looks, however, but also look for something more attractive than physical attraction and wealth. â€Å"He is the best landlord, and the best master,† she said, â€Å"that ever lived; not like the wild young men nowadays, who think nothing but themselves. There is not one of his tenants or servants but what will give him a good name.† This report of Darcy from his housekeeper demonstrates the character we see developing. By such information, it is suggested that what we originally presumed of him to be proud and rude, may actually, in some ways, be misunderstandings of his character, as we learn that he is merely the strong, silent type. The improvement of Darcy’s character, as well as the less obvious improvement of Elizabeth’s, is one of the attractive features of their partnership. The way that they work on their relationship is attractive because they do not just settle with an easy option but admit mistakes and amend problems. They both realise faults in themselves due to each other. Darcy’s pride and Lizzy’s prejudice. Darcy’s pride we have already seen at the ball. This is shown to us in an obvious manner and even stated and talked about. It is often Lizzy who complains about it and is the reason that she despises Darcy so much and for so long. This also demonstrates her prejudice. Although it is noticeable in many occasions, her prejudice is less public. However, she still learns from her mistakes. These two aspects of their characters do not mix and so is not until they can overcome them, that they realise how right they are for each other. The development of their partnership in this way is attractive, rising it above other couples in the novel. We can look at the marriage of Bingley and Jane, for instance, for comparison. Jane and Bingley’s marriage is the only other in the book that we are happy for, however, the marriage of Lizzy and Darcy still improves on it. While the former is very simple and ‘pretty’, the latter is a lot deeper, with the way it was developed forming interesting layers of characters. Other couples are a lot more obviously unsuited. Mr and Mrs Bennet are one such example. When their marriage took place, Mrs Bennet married up in society, while Mr Bennet married down. Mrs Bennet was attractive but vacuous and she didn’t improve in intelligence. We can presume that Mr Bennet regretted the marriage. We see an inclination of this when he is advising Lizzy on her marriage to Darcy. â€Å"My child, let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life. You know not what you are about.† We can suggest from this that Mr Bennet is reflecting on himself, and the mistake that he carried out in marrying Mrs Bennet, as he appears to be talking from experience. We see many examples where he is not happy with his marriage and not happy with Mrs Bennet. â€Å"My dear, do not give way to such gloomy thoughts. Let us hope for better things. Let us flatter ourselves that I may be the survivor† This is Mr Bennet’s reply to a conversation with Mrs Bennet about what would happen to their property when he died. We see how he has no respect for her as he is continually mocking her in this cruel way throughout the book. The amount of sarcasm and irony he uses suggests that he is merely taking it all as a joke, as if were he to take it seriously, he would not be able to handle it. We see also in the novel how, to get away from it, he spends a lot of his time by himself in his library where Mrs Bennet and the rest of the family can not disturb him. Lizzy and Darcy’s marriage however, already proves to be more successful. As a couple, they are good for each other. They can succeed in the development of each others character. They are both intelligent people, unlike Mrs Bennet, who can carry out intellectual conversations and discussions. We can see this in an earlier conversation. â€Å"To yield readily – easily – persuasion of a friend is no merit with you.† â€Å"To yield without conviction is no compliment to the understanding of either.† â€Å"You appear to me, Mr Darcy, to allow nothing for the influence of friendship and affection† This is one such example of Darcy and Lizzy exchanging and debating opinions. We can also compare this to the marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. â€Å"When Mr Collins could be forgotten, there was a great air of comfort throughout, and by Charlotte’s evident enjoyment of it, Elizabeth supposed he must often be forgotten.† This was taken from Lizzy’s visit to Hunsford to visit Mr and Mrs Collins. It shows how happier Charlotte is when her husband isn’t there, and that this is often the case. Lizzy and Darcy however, enjoy each other’s company immensely and do not tire of it. We see that the Collins’ marriage is a marriage of convenience. It is stable, they have money and their own space from each other, but there is no love. They would never sit and enjoy a conversation but would much rather be separate from each other, similarly to Mr and Mrs Bennet, but right from the start of their marriage. Darcy and Lizzy as a couple are attractive because they are so meant to be. Jane Austen has written us a Romantic novel where the well matched always end up living happily ever after. They are not bad like Lydia and Wickham and so we feel a great love for them and believe that they deserve to be happy together. By being able to compare them to many other couples in the book we see even more clearly how they, as a couple, are the most attractive.

Tale tell heart (edga allenr poe) Research Paper

Tale tell heart (edga allenr poe) - Research Paper Example It is a graphic novel that relates how a man kills another man, and yet is convinced that he is not mad. The story opens when an unnamed narrator says that he is not insane, but nervous. He is of the view that the disease afflicting him has made his senses sharper. He talks about an old man who has never harmed him; yet the old man’s blue eye frightens him. The narrator observes the old man closely and one day, he murders him. He cuts the body into pieces and hides them under the floorboards. Soon, he starts hearing sounds coming from the floorboards. The sounds are that of a heart beating and the narrator thinks that it is the old man’s heart. When the police come, the narrator gets scared that they will hear the thumping of the heart. Caught in his vacillating emotions, the narrator panics and admits the crime (Jackson 176). After reading the story, it can be suggested that the hypersensitivity of the narrator was the reason for his downfall. This essay aims to reflec t upon this hypothesis and establishes the extent to which the dramatized and exaggerated emotions of the narrator culminate in him owning up to his crime. The essay provides three lines of argument and follows them up with a conclusion. The dramatized emotions of the narrator are an important indicator of his hypersensitivity. In the opening sentences of the story, the narrator claims to be nervous, not insane. Throughout the story, the narrator tries to justify the rationality of his actions by refuting that he is mad. He considers himself innocent even though he murdered a man, who has never harmed him. The narrator does not kill the man to gain any benefits. He is spurred into action by the blue eye old man. The narrator is indeed mad and the accrual and buildup of emotions of the period of time exceeds the tolerance threshold of the narrator, such that he is unable to hide his secret any longer. Bloomfield and Costa assert that the story is

Risk management and insurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk management and insurance - Assignment Example (Yahoo Finance 2013) Professional liability insurance is a specialized form of liability insurance which indemnifies a professional who causes a loss to his or her client due to the negligent performance of their duties or which is not up to the professional standards stipulated by the professional association regulating the particular professional. For example, if a real estate agent arranged the sale of a property to a buyer on the basis that it would provide a specified level of rental income and it failed to do so, the real estate agent could be held liable for the shortfall on the basis of negligent misrepresentation. The article goes on to state that Great American Insurance Group’s Professional Liability Division launched earlier this year with offices in New York and Pennsylvania. Great American Stock Performance The following material was obtained from http://ir.greatamerican.com/stockquote.htm. It was obtained at 2:06 pm. ET Nov. 22, 2013. Last Price Change Open Day High 52 Week High $0.26 $0.00(Down 7.63%) $0.26 $0.26 $0.50 Volume Previous Close Day Low 52 Week Low 11,500 $0.26 $0.26 $0.15 Year End Stock Prices Stock Price ($) $3.70 $0.49 $0.12 $0.31 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 The website goes on to stipulate that the above information is intended for informational and not trading purposes and is provided by a third party and not Great American. Description of Company Great American Insurance Group is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses and in the sale of traditional annuities.(Great American Insurance Group) The Property and Casualty Group (P and C) is among the oldest in the US, dating from the founding of the Great American Insurance Company in 1872. The website advises it has about 30 specialty lines of insurance to meet the needs especially of a variety of small and mid sized businesses. (Presumably this is because larger companies tend to have sufficient resources to self insure for many of the risks.) The site also claims that the company builds relationships with the markets and the communities it serves so that they can concentrate on their core business rather than on the risks they may face. While this is likely true, it must be remembered that companies too small to have their own risk manager tend to rely on their insurance broker for sound impartial advice concerning what insurance coverage they really need and what risks can be dealt with more economically by other means. The website also quotes high financial strength ratings by such agencies as Standard & Poors and Moodys. There are also various kinds of reinsurance coverage available within the Great American Group. There are 4 accounting ratios important to the financial health of a company. Unfortunately I was unable to obtain precise figures for Great American, only the reference to their overall â€Å"A† rating by agencies indicating that this company is in good standin g financially. However I will explain the calculation and the importance of each of the ratios. The first one is the loss ratio which is losses (claims paid) plus adjustment expenses

Importance of the Patient and Staff Satisfaction (PASS) Committee Essay

Importance of the Patient and Staff Satisfaction (PASS) Committee - Essay Example The opportunity to work with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) means that nurses have greater resources in researching for best evidence-based practices in order to upgrade the care provided to patients who rely on us to keep them healthy. There are always new ways being found to help with clinical processes and making them more efficient as well as determining better health solutions for patients who may have a myriad of problems (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011). As part of providing better practices to patients, the establishment of the Patient and Staff Satisfaction (PASS) Committee through which practices are examined and critiqued for improvement if needed. This includes conducting reviews of case studies from the nurses who have attended patients and how they were able to provide solutions, or if there was an area that needed improving, such as how research was conducted to find the best solution (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 2013; Webb 2011). It is important for nurses to know how to conduct research and what tools are available for them to do so. This includes using medical library databases such as Cochrane and MEDLINE/PubMed, a resource division of the National Institute of Health (NIH).

Epithelial Tissue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epithelial Tissue - Essay Example Epithelial tissue, which is only one layer thick, is called simple epithelium while stratified epithelium is two or more cells thick. Based on shape, simple epithelial cells can be classified as (1) Simple squamous: the cells are flat, thin, fish-scale shaped and have elliptical nuclei. They form the outer layers of the skin and the lining of cavities, such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart, and lungs. (2) Simple cuboidal: the cells are square or cuboidal, with spherical nuclei. They are found in the ducts of glands, lining of the kidney tubules and also form the germinal epithelium, which produces the eggs and sperms. (3) Simple columnar: the cells are columnar, with elongated nuclei and form the lining of the digestive tract. Simple columnar ciliated epithelium has fine, hair-like outgrowths on its’ free surface. Cilia are capable of rapid, rhythmic movement of mucus in the nose and the movement of ovum towards the uterus. (4) Simple pseudo-stratified columnar: the columns are all of the varying heights, giving a false impression of multiple layers. They are found in the nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea. Stratified, or compound, epithelium consists of external layers which are flat and scaly and may contain a tough, resistant protein called keratin, as in the skin.  

Psychology ADULT DEVELOPEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology ADULT DEVELOPEMENT - Essay Example Most of the above mentioned spheres are not only influenced by the age an individual but are also influenced by other factors like the genetics and exposure to a particular environment Early adulthood is the period just after adolescence when the individual is in their early stages of maturation. The physical and mental processes are fresh and vibrant with the completion of maturation of the processes that takes a longer time to mature. Mid adulthood is the period marked by the twenties age bracket. This is when the bodily processes are at their optimum and it is closely followed by commencement of degeneration. The last phase is the late adulthood that is often marked by various symptoms of degeneration as the body is wasting away. This article will look keenly into the various processes that the adult of any one particular phase should look forward to in terms of the physical and mental development with time. It will also undertake to give a number of insights into several means that adults may consider in order to ensure that they optimally develop both physically and mentally. People reach the peak of their physical strength and stamina when they are in the twenties age brackets. ... The muscles look sturdy and healthy while the sin glows with youthfulness. Physiological changes often appear in the late adulthood. The strength and the endurance once associated with the youthful body of the individual gradually vanish with the passing of time. The rate at which the neural processes function reduces gradually with the brain experiencing some degree of atrophy (Knox1999p34).A common phenomenon with the digestive system includes the changes in the gastrointestinal tract that often leads to increased frequency in constipation. At the same time, the circulatory and respiratory systems undergo through some form of degeneration which results into inefficiencies in their functioning. Osteoporosis is another condition that comes with old age and is especially pronounced among women. The muscles weaken while the skin experiences a greater degree of dryness and inflexibility. Sensitivity in the five senses decreases while hair loss is experienced. Cognitive changes Cognition during the early and mid adulthood is usually high with the intellectual capability being at its peak. The changes often occur in the elderly phase of adulthood. It is reported that the response speeds decline with the age of an individual. The working memory is also often compromised in this phase thus resulting into problems associated with cognition. This group of adults also often suffer from disorders that eat up on their cognition. These disorders commonly known as dementias are found in approximately 15% of the individuals aged above 65 years (Cavanaugh 2003pp23-24). Behavior change The behavioral patterns found among the early adults reflect the nature of expectations

Computer Manipulation of Photographs and Peoples Trust Essay

Computer Manipulation of Photographs and Peoples Trust - Essay Example Photographs are taken for identification of events, people, things and many other aspects (Goldberg 1991). Photographs are also thought to be a source of evidence for various purposes. With computer manipulation and editing of photographs for personal reasons, photography is not more considered as an evidence for reality. It is considered fake and somewhat containing lies (Brand, et.al 1985). With digital photography, the art of photo manipulation has become more easy and uncomplicated. The photographs that are captured digitally are stored in the computer in form of digital data (Brand, et.al 1985). This digital data can easily be edited and manipulated intentionally or unintentionally. In the market, there are various software programs available that offer the computerized manipulation of photographs. The computer manipulation of photographs is not considered illegal and people, media and other institutions employ the software programs for manipulating images according to their own requirements without any legal threat. We can take many examples of photographs as evidence. For a passport or identity card, photographs are required. Passports or identity cards are used for identifying a person with the help of his given photograph and concerning details. If the photograph is manipulated technologically with the help of the computer, it will give an edited version of the real person, which cannot be considered as wholly true. Passport or identity cards are sources of evidence of a person’s real identification but if the photographs attached with the identification cards are manipulated, no trust will be there. Before computer manipulation, trust in photographs as a form of evidence was there but after, technological development and launch of different software programs related to computer manipulation, people are being led towards distrusting the evidence of photographs (Goldberg 1991).

The latest 4G communications development Research Paper

The latest 4G communications development - Research Paper Example Additionally, the 4G data transfer systems make it simple for employees to contribute in a video conference by making use of a small cell phone in the areas, or to tune in to high-quality data and information streaming video by using a mobile device. In this scenario, special networks are designed for 4G communication systems to operate flawlessly with accessible networks and offer worldwide roaming. In addition, an inactive user is able to get speed of 1 gigabits per second (Gbps) for downloading data and information through 4G communication systems (Renshaw; Turban, Leidner and McLean). Moreover, some of the well known standards for the 4G technology based systems are 802.20, HSDPA, WiMAX (802.16), UMTS, TDD UMTS and future editions of UMTS and proprietary networks from Navini Networks, Array Comm. Inc., In this scenario, Flarion Technologies is also deploying 4G technology based systems in China, India and Japan. In addition, the technology based design on which 4G technologies wi ll be based in known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Additionally, it is the main enabler of 4G technologies. In addition, some of the innovative and technological features of 4G include adaptive processing and elegant antennas, as well as both of them will be utilized in 3G networks and improve rates when utilized with OFDM (Tank; Wang and Katz). Moreover, at the present 3G networks yet transmit their data digitally above a single data transmission, while OFDM is designed to move information and data through the hundreds of parallel data transmission streams, as a result growing the extent of data and information that could be transmitted simultaneously through traditional CDMA communication networks (Tank; Wang and Katz). Furthermore, 4G technologies offer numerous advantages including higher bandwidth and quick response time. In fact, this technology offers 10 times quicker response time as compared to 3G. In addition, it is able to operate at 2.6GHz frequen cy that improves the network coverage even it makes use of the same tower where data and information is being received and transmitted for 3G. This technology also takes less time to build 4G for the reason that it makes use of the same tower and fiber-cables which are used by 3Gs however they simply have to enhance the towers by means of 4G components (Answers Corporation). In this scenario, the image given below offers a detailed description of the 4G technology. It demonstrates a detailed overview of the technology working and operations: Figure 1- 4G Technology: Source: http://www.m-indya.com/shownews.php?newsid=2248 AT&T Mobility LLC is a subsidiary of AT&T that is currently offering wireless support and services to more than 100.7 million users and subscribers in the US, Puerto Rico and other U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, AT&T Mobility has now turned out to be a one of the biggest wireless telecommunication suppliers in the US after Verizon Wireless that currently has more than 107.7 million clients. Additionally, AT&T Mobility is located in the Lenox Park region of DeKalb Co. Georgia, immediately outside the Atlanta (Ibrahim; Wikipedia). In this scenario, T-Mobile has established the policy to encourage its myTouch 4G device that makes use of HSPA+ network, because

How Nursing Informatics has Affected the Telehealth Industry in the Research Paper

How Nursing Informatics has Affected the Telehealth Industry in the Past 5 Years - Research Paper Example Telehealth technologies also have both clinical and nonclinical uses. Few clinical uses for telehealth technologies include transmitting images for assessment and diagnosis, transmitting clinical data for assessment, diagnosis, or disease management, providing disease prevention and promotion of good health, using telephonic health advice in emergent cases, and using real time video (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2009, p. 290). These can be applied in numerous cases, from health education down to consultation and management. Clinical application of such technologies is seen to greatly benefit the client and the care providers as well. Telehealth technologies are also used in nonclinical settings. For instance, distance learning through such technology is now offered by several academic institutions around the globe. Conferences among telehealth workers can also be done, as well as information gathering and data management. Telenursing: Nursing informatics in Telehealth When nurses use telehe alth technology in providing care to patients, the term â€Å"telenursing† comes into place, which is defined by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) as â€Å"the use of telecommunications technology in nursing to enhance patient care; involves the use of electromagnetic channels to transmit voice, data, and video communication signals† (as cited in American Telemedicine Associtation [ATA], n.d.). This modernization has changed the delivery of nursing care and interventions to certain clients. The presence of telenursing has given impact to several areas in practice of the field, and seeing its benefits, nursing organizations have expressed their encouragement in the use of such... This essay approves that the presence of telenursing has given impact to several areas in practice of the field, and seeing its benefits, nursing organizations have expressed their encouragement in the use of such technologies. Both informatics nurses and telenurses are now seen as rising nursing opportunities that could improve the practice. Several hospitals nowadays have telemonitoring equipments, bedside terminals, and automated clinical records being used by nurses, with systems varying depending on the complexity of the unit, needs of the patients, and the resources of the hospital. This report makes a conclusion that technology has innovated so many systems in the modern world, that it has invaded even the health care system. The telehealth industry is used in both clinical and nonclinical areas through several ways that would foremost benefit the clients and the health providers as well. Nursing informatics used in the delivery of care has been further enhanced by telehealth, in what is now known as telenursing. Telenursing allows nurses to care for more clients in a lesser amount of time despite distance through telemonitoring and tele-home care in communities. Formal education is also offered by some schools nowadays in order to enhance nursing competency in IT-based patient care. Indeed, the merge of nursing informatics and the telehealth industry changes nursing care delivery to clients, and will continue to change as the field advances.

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay Example for Free

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay According to Glanz and Hayes (1967) Group Counseling and group terapy are almost contradictory concepts to he individual not familiar with the detailed practices present and groups, counceling, and therapy. multiple counseling, group guidance, and the lmost interchangeble use of counseling and psychotherapy have added to the uncertainty of the dimensions and true nature of these new concepts. Adlerian in Group Counseling According to Corey (202) Adler was a politically and socially oriented psychiatrist who showed great concern for the common person. Indeed, many of his early clients were working-class people who struggled to make a living, raise and educate their children, and make a difference in society. Part of Adler’s mission was to bring psychological understanding to the general population and to translate psychological concepts into practical methods for helping a varied population meet the challenges of everyday life. Alfred Adler made signifi cant contributions to contemporary therapeutic practice. Adler believed in the social nature of human beings, and he was interested in working with clients in a group context. He established more than 30 child guidance clinics in which he pioneered live demonstrations by interviewing children, adults, teachers, and parents in front of community groups. He was the fi rst psychiatrist to use group methods in a systematic way in child guidance centers in the 1920s in Vienna. To fully appreciate the development of the practice of Adlerian psychology, one must recognize the contributions of Rudolf Dreikurs, who was largely responsible for extending and popularizing Adler’s work and transplanting Adler’s ideas to the United States. He did a great deal to translate Adlerian principles into the practice of group psychotherapy, and he used group psychotherapy in his private practice for more than 40 years (see Dreikurs, 1960, 1967, 1997). Dreikurs developed and refi ned Adler’s concepts into a clear-cut, teachable system with practical applications for family life, education, preventive mental health, and, especially, group psychotherapy (Terne r Pew, 1978). Dreikurs was a key fi gure in developing the Adlerian family education centers in the United States. Work with children and their parents in a group setting paved the way for Dreikurs’s pioneering group psychotherapy.It is believed that Dreikurs was the fi rst person to use group therapy in a private practice. Adlerian interventions have been widely applied to diverse client populations of all ages in many different settings. Adlerian group therapy is an integration of key concepts of Adlerian psychology with socially constructed, systemic, and brief approaches based on the holistic model developed by Dreikurs (Sonstegard Bitter, 2004). Objectives of Adlerian Group Therapy  ·Establishing and maintaining an emphatic relationship between clients and counselor that is based on mutual trust and respect and in which the client feels understood and accepted by the group.  ·Providing a therapeutic climate in which clients can come to understand their basics beliefs and feelings about themselves and discover why those beliefs are faulty.  ·helping clients develop insight into their mistaken goals and self-defeating behaviors through a process of confrontatio and interpretation.  ·assisting clients in discovering alternatives and encouraging them to make choices that is, put insights into action.  ·Group provides a mirror of persons behavior.  ·Group members both recieve and give help. Techniques THE FAMILY CONSTELLATION Adler considered the family of origin as having a central impact on an individual’s personality. Adler suggested that it was through the family constellation that each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life. Factors such as cultural and familial values, gender-role expectations, and the nature of interpersonal relationships are all infl uenced by a child’s observation of the interactional patterns within the family. Adlerian assessment relies heavily on an exploration of the client’s family constellation, including the client’s evaluation of conditions that prevailed in the family when the person was a young child (family atmosphere), birth order, parental relationship and family values, and extended family and culture. EARLY RECOLLECTIONS As you will recall, another assessment procedure used by Adlerians is to ask the client to provide his or her earliest memories, including the age of the person at the time of the remembered events and the feelings or reactions associated with the recollections. Early recollections are one-time occurrences pictured by the client in clear detail. Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories we might have we select those special memories that project the essential convictions and even the basic mistakes of our lives. Early recollections are a series of small mysteries that can be woven together and provide a tapestry that leads to an understanding of how we view ourselves, how we see the world, what our life goals are, what motivates us, what we value and believe in, and what we anticipate for our future (Clark, 2002; Mosak Di Pietro, 2006). BIRTH OEDER AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIP The Adlerian approach is unique in giving special attention to the relationships between siblings and the psychological birth position in one’s family. Adler identified five psychological positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Stages of the Alerian Group Therapy STAGE 1: ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAININGCOHESIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH MEMBERS In the initial stage the emphasis is on establishing a good therapeutic relationship based on cooperation, collaboration, egalitarianism, and mutual respect. By attending to the relationship from the first session, counselors are laying a foundation for cohesive ness and connection. Adlerians hold that the successful outcomes of the other group stages are based on establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic relationship at the initial stage of counseling (Watts Eckstein, 2009). Group participants are encouraged to be active in the process because they are responsible for their own participation in the group. The group situation provides sample opportunity to work on trust issues and to strengthen the relationship between member and leader. Also, by witnessing positive changes in peers, participants can see how well the group works. STAGE 2: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT (EXPLORING THE INDIVIDUAL’S DYNAMICS) The aim of the second stage is twofold: understanding one’s lifestyle and seeing how it is affecting one’s current functioning in all the tasks of life (Mosak Maniacci, 2011). During this assessment stage, emphasis is on the individual in his or her social and cultural context. Adlerians do not try to fi t clients into a preconceived model; rather, they allow salient cultural identity concepts to emerge and attend to a clients’ personal meaning of culture (Carlson Englar-Carlson, 2008). The leader may begin by exploring how the participants are functioning at work and in social situations and how they feel about themselves and their gender-role identities. STAGE 3: AWARENESS AND INSIGHT Whereas the classical analytic position is that personality cannot change unless there is insight, the Adlerian view is that insight is a special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the counseling relationship and acts as a foundation for change. Yet this awareness is not, in and of itself, enough to bring about signifi cant change. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself. According to Carlson and Englar-Carlson (2008), the Adlerian approach is both insight oriented and action oriented. Although insight into our problems can be useful, it is essential that this awareness leads to constructive movement toward desired goals. It is to be noted that people can make abrupt and signifi cant changes without much insight. STAGE 4: REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATION The end product of the group process is reorientation and reeducation. The reorientation stage consists of both the group leaders and the members working together to challenge erroneous beliefs about self, life, and others. The emphasis is on considering alternative beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes. During this stage, members put insight into action, making new choices that are more consistent with their desired goals (Carlson Englar-Carlson, 2008). There is a change in members’ attitudes toward their current life situation and the problems they need to solve. This reorientation is an educational experience. Adlerian groups are characterized by an attempt to reorient faulty living patterns and teach a better understanding of the principles that result in cooperative interaction (Sonstegard Bitter, 2004). One of the aims is teaching participants how to become more effective in dealing with the tasks of life. Another aim is challenging and encouraging clients to take risks an d make changes. References: Corey, G. (2012), Theories And Practice of Group Couneling Eight edition. United States, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Corey, G. (2009), Theories And Practice of Counseling and Psychoterapy. United States, 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole.z

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest and Clockwork Orange

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest and Clockwork Orange In both Burgess and Kesey books we are hosted by characters that are rejected by society. Society which has impacted them so greatly, that it has caused them to make decisions that have affected the outcome of each of these brilliant novels. In the Clockwork Orange we are introduced to the character Alex. Alex in this novel can be viewed as the unreliable narrator, due to the fact that it is almost impossible to pick out what will be his next move in the novel, this creates an element of suspense. As we know the book is set in futuristic Britain and the way in which so called Futuristic Britain is laid out perhaps plays a big part in the behaviour of Alex. In One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey the narrator the Chief who is a half Indian man assumes the position of a half deaf, half dumb individual. Though his stance in the book shows his true position as through his eyes we see vividly what the other characters are like especially R.P McMurphy, we also throughout the book se e him as a reliable narrator. Though we wonder when reading one who flew over the Cuckoos nest, if the narrator should off in fact been R.P Mc Murphy. I say this because the majority of the novel is about him and his time in the insane ward, though we can firmly understand why he would not be suitable narrator because he would feel empowered to control the flow of the narration. However in Chief Bromdens case, he has not been lobotomized but freed and he is the one who tells the story of McMurphy and becomes an individual who we can trust to deliver the story accurately. The Chief tells us his story through memory and sometimes perhaps when he is sees a certain object he breaks down for example the fog. The Function of both narrators is to dictate the story and explore the faults in society. Through the psychological deterioration of McMurphy the Chief comments on how society has somewhat contributed to the downfall of R.P McMurphy. When we are first introduced to Alex we automatically as readers dislike him for the fact that he participates in ultraviolent activities and conforms to way of living which consists of going to milk bar, getting drugged up and beating someone up. However when look at Alexs we see an alternate view of society and somewhat we feel sympathetic about the way he behaves as he does not know any better, the writers in terms of both narrators forces the reader to consider what it would be like to live in their shoes of as well as highlighting the function each narrator holds. Based in an asylum in Oregon, One who flew over the Cuckoos nest uses the theme of Societys destruction of humans, the main protagonist succumbs to the machine and the machine suppresses him and his uniqueness. Here we see the main function of Chief Broomden as the narrator, we learn one of the many horrible truths about this hospital; he reveals that the hospital has not only destroyed his life but his compassion as w ell. The knowledge that we learn from Chief Broomden shows the sad life that the inmates live and how the machine is slowly tearing their humanity from them. The Chief begins by telling us what the insane asylum is like and in the opening sentence we hear him saying, Black boys commit sex acts in the hall and get it mopped up before I can catch them. This quote you can use in order to compare to the lifestyle of the inmates, they are individuals who have no future and have been mopped up by society and discarded. However in relation to this quote we cannot really put our full trust in The Chief as he proves that his memory is perhaps a little disjointed and his recollection of events are not exactly true. However The Chiefs character plays an important part in the way we are portrayed the story as his stance as a deaf and dumb person has allowed him to eavesdrop conversations which provide a sense of accuracy when they are conveyed towards the readers. The Chiefs character plays on the theme of Invisibility, the Chief throughout the book is in the background though his assumption that there are so called hidden machines contributes to his paranoia. The quote, I been silent so long now its gonna roar out of me like floodwaters and you think the guy telling this is ranting and raving my God; you think this is too horrible to have really happened, this is too awful to be the truth! But, please. Its still hard for me to have clear mind thinking on it. But its the truth even if it didnt happen. Is just an example of Chief Broomden mental state, this is taken from part one of One who flew over the cuckoos nest. Another example of the Chiefs character is where he is being taken in to be shaven he uses Air raids to describe what it feels like; however at this point from the story he has still not addressed the readers though the readers now have access to his thoughts. Kesey does this because he wants to get the readers familiar to the Chief and not discard the Chief just how society has discarded the Chief. In terms of the function of the narrator, one of Chief Broomden functions is to show what sort of hell patients of insane asylums go though just because they have been discarded by society. If we look at the last line of this quote we see Bromdens hallucinations are not just insane hallucinations but they provide a metaphorical perspective. In terms of the of the quote the metaphorical perspective is the fact that Broomden throughout this story regains some of his humanity back, he still sees the gruelling everyday life of the insane asylum. Even though the Chief is liable to hallucinations we have to trust the Chief to deliver the story of R.P McMurphy due to the fact that the Chief is our messenger. The Chief also assumes that the patients are controlled, by tiny machines who tell them what to do from the inside. However when R.P McMurphy is around he shows the patients by smashing the glass window that even if we cannot see that we are be ing controlled, he makes them remember that Society and especially Mrs Ratched are manipulating them. This occurs in the Clockwork Orange, as we see the story through the main protagonist Alex. Similarly in the Clockwork Orange Alex is subject to an experimentation which can also be interpreted as a way of tearing Alexs humanity away from him. He is subjected to the The Ludovico technique which makes him feel ill by thought and the viewing of violence. This quote represents Alexs lifestyle as he isnt like our other fellow narrator the Chief, The Korova milkbar sold milk-plus, milk plus vellocet or synthemesc or drencrom, which is what we were drinking. This would sharpen you up and make you ready for a bit of the old ultraviolence. We can tell for this quote that Alex lives in a world were sex, drugs and violence dominate. With Alex the way he talks symbolizes the fact that he is immature. He unlike the Chief is consistently uses slang vocabulary throughout the novel, the type of language that Alex uses is nadsat. Nadsat representing the Russian influence and socialist views that are presented in Burgesss Clockwork Orange. Burgess has cleverly implemented nadsat into this story as certain words have a hidden meaning. This in terms of our narrator provides a depth and deeper understanding of our main protagonist. For example in Alexs case the fact that Alex nicknames egg (eggiweg) and milk (moloko) gives us the image of a small baby who cannot fully pronounce a word. However it is clear that both egg and milk represent birth and youth. However the impact of Christ like figure in both novellas adds a religious aspect to the story. Both narrators acknowledge this, however in one who flew over the Cuckoos nest the Chief is more like the angel Gabriel and Mc Murphy is viewed more like Christ. In the Clockwork orange our narrator Alex can be interpreted as a Christ like figure. Alex in Clockwork orange serves two functions first as narrator and secondly as martyr figure. In terms of the martyr figure, Alex is seen to give who he is in order to conform to the system. The fact that Alex attempts to kill himself in the last part of the story shows how society can repress you that much that the only option is to take you own life. Alexs narration is similar to that of Christs final three days, as we know from the bible Jesus dies, buried and comes back to life. This is similar to Alex, Alex is caught by the police, thrown in prison and comes back to normal. Also in part two Alex makes a few comparisons to that of Christ, by turning the other cheek after being hit in the face. In relation to structure, when looking at A Clockwork Orange we can say that the novel is structured like that of a musical composition. The novel is structured in 3 parts, 7 chapters and each chapter conforms to an ABA pattern. When looking at part 1 we can see the similarity in part 3 as it mirrors each other. However part 2 is very different from both part 1 and 3. Both chapter 1 and 3 take are situated around Alexs home or area, however part 2 is taking place when Alex is in prison. When looking at Part 1 we see Alex saying Whats it going to be then, eh?, the same question is asked by the Prison guard in Part 2. When looking at the structure of the plot we see that the plot itself contains inversions. For example if we look back at Part one we see that Alex preys on other characters, however if we look at Part 3 Alex is the one who is getting preyed upon. When comparing the structure of A Clockwork Orange to One who flew over the cuckoos nest we see that that the book is seen to be a work of social criticism. This meaning that this book in a sense can be viewed as record book, as throughout the novel us as the audience develop our knowledge on each of these characters. When looking at individual chapters in the book Chapters 12 to 14 stands out as both of them start and end up quickly. The reason for this is perhaps to show how our narrator Chief Bromdens incoherent interpretation of the world around him. Our narrator throughout these two chapters in particular but also in most of the book presents only very short accounts of what is happening in the insane asylum. However when looking at Chief Broomden narrations in the relation to the structure he doesnt focus on what is around him, for example when the character Old Rawler commits suicide the details provided by the Chief are not clear at all. The Chief hardly ever in the story goes into detail what is around him, only when the fog is around he goes into description about the fog and how it affects him a nd the other patients on the ward. Bromden then in Chapter 15 compares the so called fog machine that the mental institution apparently have to the fog that he witnessed during the War. The story spoken by the Chief suggests to us that perhaps the reason why the Chief does not describe what he sees in full is perhaps due to an incident that happened in the war.

Ageing and Disability Policies | Country Comparison

Ageing and Disability Policies | Country Comparison Gian Nestle Sorronda Aging and Disability Task 4 4.1 Disability United States of America – In United States of America, they made an act that would help lessen or eliminate discrimination in the country for those people who have disability. This act was created back on 1990 and was called the Americans with Disability Act or ADA which prohibits discrimination towards the disabled person in any sector of the community. This is from employment, transportation, public accommodation, communication and any other government activities. The services of the mentioned should be suitable, reasonable and realistic for the individuals with disabilities to be qualified. New Zealand In New Zealand, they have formed an act that would help and give benefits for the disabled person. The act was called The New Zealand Disability Strategy which was created last 2001. This act pointed out 15 objectives that would basically address the needs of those individual who are suffering from disability. This was made to make sure that New Zealand does have a long term plan for these individuals who are perceived by the society as different. This act also will pave way to changing New Zealand’s point of view from a disabling society to an inclusive society. United Kingdom – In 2010, the United Kingdom replaced the act that was established in 1995 and called the Disability Discrimination Act. It was changed to The Equality Act of 2010 and the goal was to address the discrimination against age, gender, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, civil partnership, marriage, and lastly the disability. This act was established to make sure that the mentioned group or part of the society receives adequate help. The help should be fair enough and proper to make sure that it will comply with the act. Similarities and Differences: The similarities of these two policies are that they wanted the people of their country and their respective community to treat the people with disability with fairness, equality and without discrimination. This means that they need to encourage and allow education for the disabled individual, ensure that their rights are met, proper employment, aware on how to access services, life style choice and allow them to live with a quality life. On the other hand, differences are also noticeable especially in the part of United Kingdom wherein they included the disability together with other part of the society. Unlike the United States of America and New Zealand, they have created a separate act and strategy for those disabled individual to make sure that their needs will be addressed immediately. Aging United States of America – They have established an act for the older people to make sure needs are met. It is called the Older American Act which was established back on 1965. This was created to provide each community to have services for the aging people. This was passed due to the concern that was arising during this time that older people are not receiving appropriate care in the community. The government mostly funds the services that will be provided to the person though there some nonprofit agencies as well that helps out for the services, the government is still the primary provider. United Kingdom – The Equality Act of 2010 by the UK Government also covers the needs and the rights of the aging population by receiving adequate help from them and treat them without discrimination by the public and from the society. This covers from their employment, education and training. One individual who in fact is aging doesn’t lose their rights to be able to work and support themselves. They can continue to be employed as much as they like or pursue any education that they would like. New Zealand – In New Zealand, there are two current act and strategy that is in place and active. One was established in 2001 and called the New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy and the other is the Health of Older People Strategy which was established in 2002. Both of these act has only one goal which is to provide a proper care and place for the aging people and live a quality life despite their age. Both of these also encourage the government or guide the government to have agencies to be able to provide the kind of services that these older people need. Starting from a place where a person can age and still is able to have a quality life until to the services that are needed from transport services, communication and etc. Similarities and Differences The similarities with these act and strategy are that they are aiming one goal for the older people. These acts are a representation from the government by each country that everyone has the right to receive proper care as they aged and that the government is still accountable for them. These countries are well aware as well that they need to fund the services that will be provided to aging people. Their respective government mostly provides the funding and they also linked with other nonprofit or local government unit to provide proper assistance, care, transportation needs, communication needs, mobility needs and that they will not be discriminated in any part of the society from employment to other services for the aged. The differences are mainly how these acts are established. Both US of A and New Zealand created or established a different and specific act and strategy to address the aging population while United Kingdom created a broader aspect as aging was included to their Eq uality Act of 2010 which covers from gender, religion and disability. 4.2 Disability United States of America – The Americans with Disability Act of 1990 or ADA provides services such care in a hospital, education and public transport to the disabled individual from the government. This means that services are being funded by the American government to give out proper care to those who are affected. This is by way of the creation of sub group of the government to particularly provide these cares and also from an individual or private sector but still fully funded by the government. United Kingdom – The Equality Act of 2010 by the government solely addresses the needed guide on how to provide cares to the disabled people. This may be by the government or any private service provider. This is to make sure that cares and services delivered from or by a public hospital, educational institution, nonprofit organization and local government unit are aligned to the act. This is also to ensure that there is no discriminatory act anywhere from banks, shops, colleges, transport services, taxi and public bodies. New Zealand – the New Zealand Disability Strategy of 2001 provides guide on how to be able to give out proper care and services to an individual who is suffering from disability. This is to make sure that services given to them are associated and calibrated by the act. This is also one way of making sure that DHB’s or District Health Board, General Practitioner’s or GP’s and other private and local agencies are providing care without discrimination and that they are providing their care according to the act. Similarities and Differences The similarities within the acts of these three countries are that all of them can be able to apply for those individual who are affected by mental disability and physical disability. These acts were established for them to be able to have an access whenever they needed help. Especially when an individual that has disabilities have been discriminated by and in the society. Lastly, the main goal of these acts is to provide fairness in giving out care and services for an individual who has disability. On the other hand, the difference between these acts is that for the United Kingdom, they merged together 116 legislation and made into an act which will provide better service for the disabled. Some services as well are publicly funded and there are services that are not and could be subsidized by the government and the family. Aging United States of America – The Older American Act of 1965 was established to provide community services for the aging people whose services are often funded by the government and some are provided by a private agency. This is to ensure that older people can still improve their lives in relation to their income, health, housing, employment, long term care, retirement, and community services. The purpose for the act is to provide and enhance the ability of an aging individual to maintain its independence and to be able to stay and interact still in their house and in their community. The funds are given from federal funds wherein it is allocated solely for the purpose of the act. United Kingdom – Since the act made by the UK government replaced previous laws and made into a one act which made it to be easier to grasp and understand. The act just clearly states that providing care for the aged people should be without discrimination. They should be receiving the same treatment as what others received as well. The law particularly states that an individual should be receiving fair treatment when they receive services from the government or any other local government unit and should not be discriminated due to their age. This also covers not only for the services but for education, transportation, accessing the services and communication. New Zealand – This is to ensure that Kiwi’s or New Zealanders will receive proper care and have a significant life while coming to age. The strategy made sure that they will be able to acquire services whenever they needed from DHB’s or District Health Board, in the community and whenever they use transportation. The strategy also made sure that aging individual can still receive services like health and wellness, financial security, independence, self fulfillment, a good and living environment. Similarities and Differences The similarities between these acts by different countries are they aim to make sure that service deliveries are well provisioned and there is fairness in the services given to the older and aging individual. Due to the rampant discrimination of other citizens in these said countries, their government created this acts and their primary goal is to have a positive aging for each individual such as employment of mature workers, changing the society’s attitude towards older people and last the protection of the rights and interest for the older people. On the other hand, there are noted services that are available for the older people that are competent enough to be able to provide idealistic care and services for them but there are also incompetent services such as supporting their life style, recreation and their cultural belief. References: Administration for Commnity Living. Older Americans Act. Retrieved from http://www.aoa.gov/AoA_programs/OAA/ Age UK. The Equality Act- What It Means for You. Retrieved from http://www.ageuk.org.uk/work-and-learning/discrimination-and-rights/the-equality-act/ Equality and Human Rights. What is the Equality Act? Retrieved from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/legal-and-policy/key-legislatures/equality-act-2010/what-is-the-equality-act Ministry of Social Development. The New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.msd.govt.nz/what-we-can-do/seniorcitizens/positive-ageing/strategy/ Office of the Disability Issues. New Zealand Disability Strategy Objectives. Retrieved from http://www.odi.govt.nz/nzds/progress-reports/july01-sept01/new-zealand-disability-strategy-objectives.html Americans with Disability Act of 1990. Retrieved from http://www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htm Division of Aging Services. History of Older Americans Act. Retrieved from https://aging.dhs.georgia.gov/history-older-americans-act Utilitarianism: The War On Iraq Utilitarianism: The War On Iraq Utilitarianism is the concept that the moral worth of an action is determined exclusively by its contribution to overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as summed among all people. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral significance of an action is concluded by its outcome. Often described as the greatest good for the greatest number of people  [1]  , the topic can be classified as a quantitative and reductionist approach to ethics. With advocates such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, it is a subject that is perhaps one of the most famous within ethics, Mills book Utilitarianism exemplifies this, as most scholars educated in the subject will be familiar with the work. In relation to the current war in Iraq, the subject is as relevant as ever. However, as with most ethical theories there are differing branches. The main debate within utilitarianism is the act vs. rule question. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first think about the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will result in most gratification. Rule utilitarianism, on the other hand, begins by looking at potential rules of action. To decide whether a rule should be followed, you must look at what would happen if it were constantly followed. If adherence to the rule produces more happiness than otherwise, it is a rule that morally should be adhered to at all times. Some argue that rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism, because for any given rule, in the case where breaking the rule produces more utility, the rule can be sophisticated by the addition of a sub-rule that handles cases like the exception.  [2]   For the purpose of this essay, we will mainly consider act utilitarianism in relation to the Iraq war. Obviously there are massive questions surrounding the ethical reasoning behind the invasion in Iraq, particularly on the part of the United States, but also in the UK where it is one of the big issues in current news and has been since it all began in 2003. The actual reason for the invasion of Iraq is often queried and there has never been an answer given that can be 100% proven. For example, the main reason given by Bushs government in 2003 was the now infamous Weapons of Mass Destruction. Although advised that only some degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned chemical weapons from before 1991 were found, they were not the weapons which had been the pretext for the invasion  [3]  , yet it continued regardless. Some US officials also accused Iraqi Dictator Saddam Hussein of supporting al-Qaeda  [4]  , and other reasons were given such as spreading democracy in the count ry  [5]  , Iraqi government human rights abuse and Iraqs financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers  [6]  . The sceptics amongst us will also point towards the oil factor in the war and many believe the sole reason for invading was fuelled by fuel itself. Even Americas elder statesman of finance, Alan Greenspan, said I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everyone knows: the Iraq war is largely about oil.  [7]   Before utilitarianism and Iraq is examined more closely, the first factor to be considered in any ethical dispute about battle should be the Just War Theory. This concerns itself directly with the ethical debate preceding any conflict, and the actions of combatants concerning ethical execution of warfare. These two distinctions are called Jus ad bellum, i.e. the morality of going to war, and Jus in bello, meaning the morality of action within a war. Both have specific criteria to be addressed and identified before war may be decided ethical. Going to war is just, according to this theory, when there exists a just and proportionate cause, meaning the cause is right, and the seriousness of the issue merits the grave decision to fight. Secondly, right intention, earning a fuller peace will be achieved after war than is possible in the absence of war, and right authority, asserting only those with authority can declare war, must both be fulfilled as well. Lastly, there must be a reasonab le chance of success, and war must be the absolute last option.  [8]  Looking at this list, you could argue that before the invasion even took place we were dealing with a wholly unethical concept. As people cant decide on one definite reason as to why the war in Iraq actually began, it is difficult to argue that there is a just and reasonable cause. Moreover the fact that many believe the war is simply for oil again poses problems for those who would say the right intentions are behind the war, and the fact that Iraq is such a volatile state anyway indicated that the chances of peace after the war are slim. In February 2003, the U.S. Armys top general, Eric Shinseki, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that it would take several hundred thousand soldiers to secure Iraq  [9]  , perhaps indicating that there wasnt a reasonable chance of success either. Also in 2003 French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin stated we believe that military intervention would be the wor st solution  [10]  , in direct contrast to the idea that war should be the absolute last option. All of these would suggest that before utilitarianism has been considered, the war in Iraq is unethical anyway, as if there is such a concept, it is not a just war. Many people might question whether any war can be a just war but World War II is one of the few wars that nearly everyone believes was morally justified. Nazi Germany and Japan were dangerous regimes that committed atrocities against conquered peoples, and many nations felt that they needed to be stopped. For these reasons, some refer to World War II as the good war. In contrast, the social and political turmoil caused by the Vietnam War was based, in part, on debate over whether that war was justified.  [11]   Following on from this, there are also many legal questions surrounding the war in Iraq. With regard to utilitarianism, it is clear that something illegal should not be for the greatest good for the greatest number of people as the UN and even representatives of supporting countries such as the UK have spoken out against it. Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, said of the invasion, I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal.  [12]  Furthermore, Lord Bingham, the former British Law Lord said the war was in serious breach of international law. He went on to accuse Britain and the US of acting like a world vigilante, obviously not a tag youd associate with an ethical war. Bingham said: Particularly disturbing to proponents of the rule of law is the cynical lack of concern for international legality among some top officials in the Bush administration.  [13]  If utilitar ianism is the moral significance of an action being decided by its outcome, then an invasion that besides removing Hussein doesnt seem to have achieved much in over 6 years, and is arguably illegal anyway, then the war in Iraq seems completely unethical. There is lots of literature that covers the topic of utilitarianism and one essay written to offer evidence of its worth as a moral premise, and to retort to common misapprehensions about it is Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill, who will we look at in more detail later. Utilitarianism is defined by Mill as a theory originating from the belief that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. He classifies happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain and continues to argue that pleasure can fluctuate in quality and quantity. Furthermore Mill considers that pleasures that are embedded in your higher faculties should be superior to more base pleasures. Additionally, it is argued that accomplishment of goals such as virtuous living, and other achievement of ambitions and purposes should be considered when thinking about ones happiness.  [14]   Mills thesis embodies his effort to respond to the condemnations of utilitarianism, and thereby to provide a more intricate and distinct moral hypothesis. Reasons that the theory had been criticised include that it does not afford sufficient defence for individual rights an issue which as we will discuss later, Mill himself championed. Another criticism is that happiness is more difficult to understand than shown by the theory and gauging everything by the same standard is not satisfactory or realistic.  [15]   Mill reasons that the theory of utilitarianism overlaps with natural emotions that derive from the social personalities of humans. For this reason, people would innately incorporate these values as an ethical requisite, if the general public were to integrate utilitarianism itself as an ethic. He argues that happiness is the solitary foundation of morality, and that happiness is the only thing that society desires. This claim is backed up by explaining that all the other entities of individuals aspiration are either methods to happiness, or are taken into account when happiness is defined. In a verbose manner Mill describes that the concept of justice is actual fact sourced from utility, and that things like rights subsist simply for the reason that they are essential for individual content.  [16]   The argument for utilitarianism encompasses five chapters. His opening chapter provides an introduction to the essay, and in the following chapter, Mill presents some common delusions about the theory and considers the definition of utilitarianism. The third chapter is an analysis about the definitive incentives that the theory can offer. The penultimate chapter examines techniques of establishing the soundness of utilitarianism. In his fifth and last chapter, particularly relevant to this essay owing to issues like the Just War Theory, Mill writes about the relationship between justice and utility, and argues that happiness is the foundation of justice.  [17]   Looking at the fifth chapter of Mills Utilitarianism in more depth, we can deduce many ideas that also relate to the war on Iraq and whether it is a just or ethical war. The first section of the chapter is largely descriptive as Mill begins by saying that throughout history, one of the major obstacles to the reception of utility has been that it does not tolerate a supposition of justice. Whether or not the justice or injustice of an act is something inherent and separate from questions of utility is what Mill attempts to determine in the chapter. Mill commences by attempting to pinpoint the definition of justice, by coming up with a list of things that are often described as just or unjust. In trying to define justice, Mill considers many factors, including legal rights, deprivation of something someone has a moral right to possess, whether a person receives what they deserve or not, violating agreements, the injustice of preferentialism in improper situations, and finally the notion of equality as an element of justice. In the mainly descriptive first part of the chapter, Mill counters the assertion that utilitarianism is opposed to justice. He mainly writes about the classification of justice and its origins historically and it is also noteworthy that Mill does not offer his own conjecture about what is required for justice. From Mills point of view, justice is not a theoretical model so much as it is a feeling about morality that lots of people possess. As a result, in defining justice Mill studies what other people denote by the term. He concludes that justice exists for the reason that people believe it does, and it means what they consider it to mean. Beginning at the accepted understanding of justice, Mill envisages what associates a different set of ideas about the theory. Subsequently, he puts forward that they are amalgamated by the concept of rights, an idea he brings in through his claims about perfect obligation. For Mill, a right insinuates that an individual has a legitimate entitlement that the social order is to guard them against any desecration. Many advocates of utilitarianism write off the idea of rights, and many debates about the subject are based around whether rights do actually exist, but Mill held a different perspective. Having just defined justice, Mill now turns to the question of whether the sentiment of justice comes from a special, unique tendency of nature, or whether it can be linked to the concerns of utility. Mill argues for the latter. Mill contends that there are two components to justice. The first is the desire to punish a person who has done harm. This desire comes from the impulse of self-defense, and the feeling of sympathy. All animals have instincts of self- defense. However, unlike animals, humans are capable of sympathizing not only with their offspring, but with all human beings. Furthermore, humans are more intelligent, and thus have a wider range of sentiments and are able to feel that they are a part of a broader community of interests. Justice then, reflects the natural feeling of retaliation, expanded by sympathy and intellect to apply to things that harm society at large. In themselves, these feelings are not moral sentiments. Justices moral component can be seen rather in the quality of the outrage people feel at an injustice: people can be upset by an injustice not only if it affects them individually, but if it goes against the interests of society at large; this demonstrates a moral concern. The other component of justice is that there is an identifiable victim who suffers if justice is infringed upon. Mill argues that the idea of a right is not a concept separate from justice, but is rather a manifestation of the other aspects of justice, namely the desire for punishment and the fact that there is an assignable person who has been harmed. A right means that a person has a valid claim on society to protect him in the possession of that right. However, if one wants to know why society should defend this right, Mill argues that the only reason is one of general utility. The sentiment of justice derives its intensity from its link to the animalistic need for retaliation. It gets its moral force from the impressive kind of utility that is involved in rights violationsnamely the interest of security. People cannot do without security, and require before they can enjoy anything else. Security is so fundamental that its difference of degree as a form of utility becomes a differ ence in kind. It is so important that it takes on a feeling of absoluteness, of moral necessity. Mill then observes that if justice exists independent of utility, if it is a standard in its own right that can be understood through introspection, then it is difficult to understand why questions of justice are often so debatable. In fact, there is as fierce a discussion about what is just as there is about what is useful to society, and it is guided by many conflicting ideas. For example, there is a conflict over which acts should be punished, and over the proper apportionment of punishments. In a different arena, there is disagreement over whether people should be paid more for having natural talents, and whether taxes should be graduated, or issued at a flat rate. In fact, the only way to navigate among conflicting claims of justice is to look to the source of its authority, namely, social utility. This does not mean, however, that there is no difference between the just and the expedient, or that policy is more important than justice. Rather, justice grounded on utility is the chief part, and the most important part, of all morality; it concerns many of the most basic essentials for human well-being. Mill argues that the moral rules that forbid people to harm each other are more important than any rules of policy, rules about how societal affairs should be managed. Furthermore, the preservation of justice preserves peace among human beings. Thus, there is a very strong utility interest in preserving and enforcing justices dictates. Mill argues that most of the applications of justice we observe today are simply ways of maintaining the notion of moral rights just discussed. Impartiality is one rule that is partly based in these, but also comes from the very meaning of utility. The greatest happiness principle doesnt have meaning unless each persons happiness, supposed equal in degree, is valued exactly as much as somebody elses. People are seen to have an equal claim to happiness, and an equal claim to the means to happiness. Social inequalities that are not required by expediency are thus seen to be unjust. Mill closes by observing that justice is a name for some moral requirements, which are higher on the scale of utility, and thus more important, than any others. However, there can be cases in which some other social duty is so important that it overrules one of the general rules of justice. Thus, it could be acceptable to steal in order to save a life. Mill argues that the previous discussion has resolved what had been the only real problem with utilitarian theory. It has always been clear that cases of justice are also cases of expediency; the difference is that very different sentiments attach themselves to issues of justice and expeediency. Mill argues that he has accounted for what this feeling is; it is simply the natural feeling of resentment, moralized by being connected to social good. Justice is the name for certain social utilities that are more important than any other kind, and thus should be preserved by a feeling that is different in kind from others. It might be thought that utilitarianism supports the immediate withdrawal of American forces, but that isnt necessarily the case. Indeed, two aspects of utilitarian thought suggest that immediate withdrawal would be wrong. The first of these is the fact that utilitarianism is progressive. As opposed to concepts like Kantian thought, it takes no account of the past. In utilitarianism you deal with the situation you find yourself in. Even if the war in Iraq was wrong, by utilitarian standards, and even if its been badly managed by those same standards, its a separate question what ought to be done now, given the situation as we find it.  [18]  The second aspect is that utilitarianism sanctions negative responsibility. Bernard Williams defines this by saying, If I am ever responsible for anything, then I must be just as much responsible for things that I allow or fail to prevent, as I am for things that I myself, in the more everyday restricted sense, bring about.  [19]  This im plies that a person is responsible not only for what they do, but for what they allow also. With relation to the US occupation, if they withdraw their troops and the differing sects of Iraq, Shiites, Sunnis, Kurds etc, begin to kill each other en masse, as seems likely  [20]  , then from the viewpoint of a utilitarian, the US is responsible, as the deaths could have been prevented. The question utilitarians must answer is which action, available to the US, would maximise overall utility? According to utilitarianism, Americans count for no more than Iraqis.  [21]  Mill describes Bentham as saying Everybody to count for one, nobody for more than one.  [22]  It may be that every action available to the US results in death and suffering, and therefore pleasure doesnt seem an applicable notion; however the question is which action would result in the least deaths and the least suffering. Furthermore, act utilitarianism makes no distinction between the guilty and the innocent e.g. if breaking a promise does not weaken respect for the moral rule to keep promises (in which chaos would result and bad utility would be produced), then the act can be justified.  [23]  This is important because not many utilitarian supporters have spoken out about the Iraq war, and Burgess-Jackson speculates that it may be because it will make utilitarianism look bad  [24]   . He goes on to state that most Americans think American lives are worth more than Iraqi lives, i.e. patriotism. Most think that, all being equal, doing harm is worse than allowing harm. Also many think that what was done in the past is morally relevant to what we ought to do now. Finally, most Americans think that the interests of the innocent are more important than the interests of the guilty. From this spectrum you can see why utilitarianism would look unfavourable. ] Along with the Just War Theory, utilitarian ethics both claim moral correctness through the evaluation of consequences. Other ethicists though, originally Kant, contend that good intention is the true substance of moral certainty. This belief led Kant to propose an ethical system comprised of maxims called duty.  [25]  In this type of system a lie, even when committed under implications of good consequences, is always unethical. Applying Kantian ethics to war is more problematic than this, but in comparison to predicting outcomes it is far more one-dimensional. Kant, urges us to follow a maxim authorising violent action only when our own life is threatened, To preserve ones life is duty  [26]  . If then it was 100% proven that Weapons of Mass Destruction were present in Iraq, then the Kantian maxim for war is satisfied. At present though, it seems it is not. Ethical thinkers can therefore be roughly divided into two sections. First of all we think of those who deem whether an action is moral or immoral owing to the motive behind it. The second camp relates to those who decide whether or not an action is moral with regard to the consequences it manufactures. Kant is firmly in the former camp, making him a deontologist rather than a consequentialist when it comes to ethics. (Deontology stems from the Greek for duty, deon and logos i.e. science.)  [27]  Kant would argue that we are subject to moral judgment because we are able to consider and give reasons for our actions, and hence moral judgment should be directed at our reasons for acting. As has already been established, an extremely important figure in the field of utilitarianism is John Stuart Mill, whose essay we considered earlier. Born in 1806 in London, one of the most important philosophers and writers of the Victorian period, John Stuart Mill was a political activist, and was involved in efforts for social reform throughout his life. Mills father, James Mill, was also a famous philosopher and historian. In order to be properly trained and educated, Mill Senior believed that a childs mind was like a blank slate and must be subject to a strict regimen. Consequently, he isolated his son from children his own age and kept him under a rigorous schedule. He saw to it that by the age of three, Mill was learning Greek, and by the age of eight had become skilled in Latin. Mills day consisted of academic work, and he was granted only one hour of leisure each day. By the age of fourteen, he had studied profoundly in history, logic, mathematics, and economics. Mill began studying Jeremy Bentham at the age of fifteen, the fundamentalist English theorist and more importantly the founder of utilitarianism. The premise of utilitarianism initiated a lifelong quest for social reform.  [28]   In 1822, Mill began publishing and a year later he had helped form the Utilitarian Society, which convened at Benthams house. He recovered from a severe bout of depression in 1826, attributed his emotionally restricted childhood. After this Mill resumed an active academic life, but with an altered point of view. He now allowed for a human dimension in his thought that counterbalanced the futility of utilitarianism, emphasising an intellectual attitude to life at the expense of emotions. Even though Mill was influenced by utilitarianism, a theory that addresses individuals to work for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, he nonetheless worked to protect peoples rights, and in particular women. Mills concern for social reform had roots in his belief that the majority often denies liberty to the people, be it through moral judgments, social judgments, or indeed law.  [29]  The concept of individual autonomy reappears right the way through Mills work. He held th e belief that a person may do anything they wish, as long as that persons actions do not harm others. He upheld that governments have no right to interfere with an individuals affairs, even when they use laws that are intended to be beneficial to the individual in question. In effect, the only feasible grounds for any government to exist in the first place is to protect the individual so that he or she experiences defence in times of war, security in peacetime, and safety from deception.  [30]   With regards to the War on Iraq then, you can compare the war to the points raised by Mill. He held that a person could do what they liked, as long as it didnt harm others. Obviously the war in Iraq has harmed countless people in one way or another so this is a violation of liberty. Mill proposed that governments have no right to interfere with an individuals affairs, even when the law is intended to be helpful. Arguably, when you look at the contradictory evidence now at our disposal, Iraq was posing no threat to America or the UK. Hence if we look at Iraq as an individual, then the US government and their allies were interfering with their affairs, even though it was meant to be beneficial, i.e. disposing of Saddam Hussein. Things got so bad in Iraq that people started saying they were better off under Saddam, so for some Iraqi civilians, the interference was completely unnecessary. This is not to say that they had a good life under the dictator, just that it was the better of two evils.  [31]  Furthermore, Mill went on to stress that the only grounds for government to exist is so that the individual, in this case America, would experience safety from deception, security in times of war and also in times of peace. You could argue that all three of these criterions havent been met and hence the Iraq war violates individuals rights as well as being an unjust war. Daniel Pipes raises some great points in his book, Militant Islam Reaches America with the chapter Who is the enemy? The first section of the chapter is entitled, Vagueness and Euphemism. He speaks of the first few weeks after the 9/11 attacks, when Bush would not explicitly name his enemies. He insisted they were neither Afghans nor even Muslims but rather people, as I have noted earlier, whom he called evildoers or the evil ones.  [32]  The chapter is based on the original invasion of Afghanistan, but everything that Pipes says rings true for the war on Iraq also. When Bush announced that military action was being initiated, he defined the goal as the disruption and defeat of the global terror network. Pipes again questions what this means, global terror network is applicable assuming that the global network is not exclusively Al-Qaeda to militant Islamic groups such as Hizbullah and Hamas, the IRA and the Tamil Tigers. Most interestingly however, the last group that Pipes ca tegorises in the potential global terror network is States like Iraq?  [33]  The book was published before the actual invasion of Iraq yet Pipes predicted it, all down to Bushs (arguably clever) vagueness when thinking of a tag for the enemies of the United States. Still no one really knows the real reason Iraq was invaded, and hence for critics of the war such the oil sceptics Pipes argument shows a very interesting argument. Bushs deliberate vagueness meant that in effect, he could do whatever he liked to an enemy state, because the threat of evildoers continuing to try and harm America and Americans  [34]  didnt limit his options to a specific adversary and as long as he could claim some sort of threat, i.e. weapons of mass destruction, then in his mind he could justify America going on the offensive. In conclusion there are many topics in history that we can look at with regard to utilitarianism and war, which show surprising similarities with the Iraq war this essay was