The Storm by Henry Pember Smith Essay Example

The Storm by Henry Pember Smith Paper The work of art by Henry Pember Smith called â€Å"The Storm† is the thing that truly got my attention when I visited the Haggin Museum in Stockton, Ca. The entire exhibition itself is such a tranquil situation. It perhaps a little, yet I surmise that is the manner by which an exhibition ought to resemble. It extremely unexpected me on how gallery are being overlooked because of the Internet. I nearly didn’t go to the Haggin Museum due my bustling timetable, however I attempted my best to really go and not simply take a gander at the work on the web. It is path diverse on picture than seeing the real work. The entire show is about the Art in Nature. The vast majority of the craftsmanship in the exhibition includes things about nature and what goes on around in better place on the planet whether you are in the ocean, timberland, mountain, and so on. The entire exhibition is so composed and very much kept up by the staff. The lighting of the display is so ideal for the to pic of the entire exhibition not very splendid and not very dim. There some fascinating work of art that I wish I could do, however I was simply not destined to be craftsman. To begin with, â€Å"The Storm† is made between 1854-1907 by Henry Pember Smith. The work of art is a case of Oil on Canvas. The size of the craftsmanship is 36 1/8 x 54 1/8 a quite good size to where you can really determine what is happening the art.The fine art is a case of the illustrative work of art, since it speaks to a subject we perceive from the characteristic, and ordinary world. The shade of the fine art is high contrast. The scarcely utilize any of the shapes on the work of art other than the square shape state of the blocks and triangle shapes. The fine art is business-like it like he was there painting the workmanship piece with the detail being so careful. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Storm by Henry Pember Smith explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Storm by Henry Pember Smith explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Storm by Henry Pember Smith explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Second, the craftsmanship â€Å"The Storm† is a piece of the capacity of workmanship and this one goes in the classification of Art of Commemoration, since it gives us a visual guide and memory and interfaces us to the history.Back in the day tsunamis must be awful and more horrendous than today. The vessels

Article Review: the Religious Sources of Islamic Terrorism

1. The article â€Å"The Religious Sources of Islamic Terrorism† by Shmuel Bar takes an inside and out investigate the potential defenses of psychological warfare with respect to religion. In this article, Bar endeavors to recognize the contrasts between the religion of Islam and the obligations related with being a Muslim remembering partaking for jihad. The creator clarifies the different contrasts between the thoughts of both the conventional Muslim just as the moderate Muslim. He proceeds to distinguish jihadist-type acts that might be changed if the correct development and usage of rules were set.The key focuses and ideas in this article are: †¢ the clarification of the Islamic religion; †¢ the jihadist development; †¢ the customary versus the moderate Muslim; †¢ the potential procedure to manage radical belief system. 2. The Islam religion isn't one that has barefaced dismissal for the estimation of human life. It is viewed as a quiet religion and oug ht not be misinterpreted just like a religion that advances psychological warfare. Shockingly, there have been various demonstrations of viciousness and psychological warfare for the sake of Islam and a surface-instructed individual will accuse the whole religion.Many individuals’ absence of information lead them down a way of speculation and bigotry for the religion itself. The writer of this article works admirably clarifying that it isn't the religion that submits these demonstrations of fear; it is the individual’s understanding of the compositions that radicalize its lessons. 3. The jihadist development is the place a great part of the fierce part of the religion can be gotten from. The conviction is that it is their own obligation inside their religion to battle for their faith.This might be peaceful, for example, an inward battle with one’s profound life. An increasingly physical perspective is shown in different structures, for example, the commitment to spread the religion or a progressively brutal methodology, battling to shield a once Muslim nation from attack of heathens. The demonstration of jihad in a brutal way commonly is shown by the extreme Islamists whom are progressively centered around the customary and strict implications of the sacred text; subsequently there exists a contention among them and the conservatives. 4.The thoughts of the conventionalist versus the moderate Muslim are clashing by they way they decipher different lessons of their sacred writing. Support in jihad might be viewed as a commitment because of the possessing of such a large number of nations by non-Muslims; in any case, the possibility that it must be battled with demonstrations of dread remains discussed. The conventionalists will take an increasingly strict translation bringing about demonstrations of brutality and fear; despite the fact that this activity will in general have more political intentions as opposed to religious.The moderate Musl im battles with the likelihood that their less standard convictions will seem like they are surrendering their religion. Because of the way that the conventionalist is bound to turn to savagery, there is likewise a dread of counter against the moderate Muslim. Sadly, with that mindset, the extreme Islamists win. 5. A drawn out system needs to incorporate thoughts and not really weapons and a lot of rules. The creator clarifies that the arrangement is significantly more profound than the demonstrations they are submitting on the surface.Creating a procedure to conceivably battle a radical, strict philosophy appears just as it would be outlandish. A long-run technique that traces the lessons of their religion and spotlights on how fear based oppression is really against their sacred writing could succeed. The creator recognizes the possibility that Western progress must investigate and understand that there are a greater number of ways than simply their way. This acknowledgment, and p otentially resilience, could take into consideration an understanding that the two social orders could manage. 6. The writer of this article, Dr.Shmuel Bar, has outstanding validity in this topic. As indicated by his history on The Intelligence Summit site, Dr. Bar is the Director of Studies at the Institute of Policy and Strategy in Herzliya, Israel. He has additionally held different insight positions inside the Israeli government and headed different research ventures including some for the United States government, as indicated by the Hudson Institute. His scholastic, expert, and individual aptitude loans him to be a dependable wellspring of information.The just inquiry that might be proposed is, what is his strict connection? With the degree of his experience and information, this may appear to be an unsettled issue; be that as it may, religion depends on next to no rationale. Confidence depends on how one feels, not exactly what one has inquired about or has seen. It is an inc redible main impetus that is practically difficult to portray. The possibility that influence could be accomplished without genuinely realizing this main thrust is naivety in itself.

Changing Perceptions of Iran in the USA - 1650 Words

Changing Perceptions of Iran in the USA? (Essay Sample) Content: Shift in Iran-US Relationship? Exaggerated Fear Of Arab Leaders Or A Start To A New Political Romance Between Washington And Teheran?Students NameInstitution of Learning Shift in Iran-US Relationship? Exaggerated Fear Of Arab Leaders Or A Start To A New Political Romance Between Washington And Teheran?Many people have been wondering whether the USA is softening its policy toward Iran or whether this is a new norm for the United States in dealing with international security issues. In the recent past, the Obama administration has adopted a different method to handle the international security matters. The most recent one has been the historical approach toward the Iranian nuclear problem. Many questions have been raised on the current trend in the US policy toward the Iranian government. Many people claim that the Iranian nuclear deal is the start of a new norm in the US foreign policy toward Iran. This assumption is the central question that this paper seeks to addres s. The new norm of the USA toward the Iranian government emerged when the Obama administration entered the office. The latter made a more diplomatic move toward the Iran nuclear deal. The new USA norm cascade was witnessed when the world governments embraced it, and they also moved forward to impose sanctions on Iran. The policy adopted toward the Iranian government is referred to as the social constructivist approach. The social constructivist theory put emphasis on mutual constructive decisions made by both the USA and Iran. This paper will focus on the social constructivist theory applied to the USA and Iran; it will also discuss the life cycle of norms and evaluate the current USA norm toward Iran.The social constructivist theory is believed to have emerged within the international relationship discipline just after the end of the Cold War. Before the emergence of this theory, the international relationship discipline was dominated by two main theories: the realistic and liberal theories. The failure of these two theories to outline effectively how and why the Cold War ended gave rise to the most famous modern international relationship theory, the social constructivist theory. It provides a framework that is applied to the understanding of foreign policies.The social constructivist theory is the idea that seeks to change the old ways of war-making, practice of rivalry by means of institutions to shift the identities and interests, and practice of actors over a given time. The theory assumes that in the society, different identities usually have various interests leading to diverse foreign policies. The social constructivist theory also emphasizes mostly the mutual constructive relationships between the parties involved in international relationships. The last argument that the theory holds is that parties involved will always take into consideration only the most appropriate actions as long as their identity is concerned. The action is always taken regard less of the cost of consequences. The recent decision of the Iranian government to accept the deal that will end the nuclear weapon development in Iran has taken a social constructivist theory dimension. In social constructivist theory, institutions play the significant role in devising an international solution to an international issue. The approach of the United States of America to the Iranian nuclear development has been more of a collective involvement nature as oppose to the state-to-state approach. The USA have sought favor from its closest allies, the United Nation Security Council, and other world governments to ensure that the Iranian deal is a collective effort of several nations and institutions. The constructivist theory emphasizes friendship and cooperation between the participants of the international relationships. Friendship and cooperation ensure that the common goal is archived. In this case, these nations have come together to make sure that the dangerous Irania n nuclear development project is halted.The institutions involved in the Iranian deal on the nuclear development in the recent past tightened the economic sanctions on the Iranian government so strongly that the interests of the country have changed over time. The government in Iran was forced to accept the round table for diplomatic discussion. Despite that, no convincing conclusions have been attained yet: the initial results reveal that the constructivist approach applied by the United States of America has influenced the international relationship with Iran. The Iranian government thus has to consider the best action for its country in this case. It will be based on its identity. Consequently, scholars wonder whether the Iranian identity will change if it accepts to abide by the collective discussion led by the United States. The identity of Iran will surely change: its massive imposed sanctions will be lifted, and this will enable the country to come out of the economic isolati on that it is facing today.A norm is a standard behaviour that is adopted and used by participants in a given domain of identity. In international relationships, there is a perceived behaviour that different powerful countries in the world have always adopted to deal with international issues, mostly concerning the security. The norms define the actions taken by a group of actors within a given identity. For example, the United Nations Security Council members may adopt a norm of authorizing military actions against nations that defy the international military laws. It means that if any country defies those international laws, the country is attacked by the military forces of the United Nation Security Council members.For any norm to come into existence, they should undergo several stages in the life cycle. To be precise, three stages are involved in the norm life cycle. The first stage is the emergency: this is the origin of a norm or the birth point. At this stage, two actors are actively involved. The first group of actors is the norm lobbyists; they are very critical in any norm formation because they create attention on the sensitive issue and event that needs to be handled in a given way. They create this attention using language with names and interpretation as well as dramatizing these issues. The creation of awareness depends on the appropriateness of the norm compared to the previous one.The second group of actors in the emergence of a norm is the organizational platforms. They provide a platform which the lobbyists of the norm can use to promote their new norm. Sometimes, the mentioned platforms are explicitly defined to promote the norms. The examples of such platforms in the world include the Red Cross and Greenpeace. Other prominent institutions in the world also provide a suitable platform for norm development. The United Nations, the European Union, the World Bank, and other world organizations give an excellent platform for norms development. The motive that drives the emergence of norms includes empathy, commitment, and ideation. Mostly, the norms are created by persuasion that is employed at this stage.Tipping or threshold point is the point that separates the first and the second phase of the norm life cycle. The tipping point occurs when the norm lobbyists acquire a significant number of the states to become norm leaders, hence adopting the new norm. After the tipping point comes the second phase of the norm development; the norm cascade. The norm cascade is a very critical stage in the norm development and expansion of the norm adoption. At this stage, more countries begin to adopt the mentioned norm more rapidly with less domestic pressure on changes brought by it.For the norm to produce great effect at this stage, the leaders enabling the effective adoption of the norms in their countries have to use socialization to persuade other leaders to join them. Consequently, socialization is seen as the major mechanism fo r the norm adoption. Other mechanisms that influence the norm adoption include institutionalization and demonstration. There are also three motives that force nations to adopt the new norm even if it is not in their favor. These motives are legitimacy, reputation, and esteem. The three motives lead to one very essential thing that all nations need, the identity. Each country needs an identity, and the latter can only be achieved and maintained only if certain standards are cultivated. These standards encompass the adoption of new norms in the society among others.The last stage of the norm life cycle is internationalization. It is the extreme stage of the norm cascade. At this stage, the norm is so widely used that it is termed as a universal norm and its application is almost automatic and sometimes termed as taken for granted. Therefore, the norm is extremely powerful because the behaviour that occurs from the norm is not questionable. At the same time, the norm can be hard to dis cern because actors do not seriously discuss on whether to conform to it.Conformity is the main motive that propellers the norm at the internationalization stage. Nations are motivated to accept and adopt the norm so that they can achieve the perceived conformity as set by suc...

Arizona State Native American Reservations - 793 Words

Over a quarter of the Arizona State is reservation land and it is the home to the majority of the Native American population with over 20 reservations. Some of the most notable reservation is the Hopi, whose villages are at the base and the top of three mesas. Other popular tribes in Arizona are the Tohono O’odham nation, San Carlos Apache, White Mountain Apache, Hualapai, Gila River, Colorado River, Havasupai and Kaibab Paiute Tribe (Nevada Indian Commission). Arizona Tribes have been divided into distinct groups, presumably Arizona tribes are associated with at least seven different lingual or dialectical groups and from this group’s different linguistics and customs evolved. Each of the Native American tribes has different ways of dressing, and way of living. For example the Quechan and Cocopah remained close geographically and culturally and the Dine and the Apache, grasp independent territory and customs, but their linguistic heritage persisted (A Brief History of Arizonas). In earlier times the Native Americans who resided in Arizona, lived of the natural resources provided by the land. For instance the Hopi was known for their great dry farming skills and their ability to adapt to the dry desert climate by using different agricultural practices. Today, agriculture continues to be an essential way of life for the Hopi, and managed to keep their culture intact. Many associate their success to their tribal isolated area that is surrounded by the Navajo (Hopi People).Show MoreRelatedThe Smoke Signals By Chris Eyre1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthat provides insight to the lives of Native Americans living on reservations. There are very few films that attempt to portray Native Americans at all, yet alone in a respectful manner. The characters are all played by genuine Native American actors including: Adam Beach, Evan Adams, Irene Bedard, Gary Farmer, and Tantoo Cardinal. Additionally, it is directed by Chris Eyre, another Native American. This film tries t o overcome stereotypes of Native Americans that are prevalent in society, and doesRead MoreNative American Healing And Native Americans1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States is home to five hundred and seventy-eight federally recognized indigenous tribes and twenty-one of those tribes reside in Arizona. In fact, Arizona State Tempe campus is located on the ancestral homelands of the Akimel O’odham (Pima) and Pee Posh (Maricopa) people. Native American healing is a unique system that varies from tribe to tribe but most share similar characteristics of treatment. Native American healing goes back thousands of years before the European settlers migratedRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s A Native American Activist 862 Words   |  4 PagesMeans to Say Phoenix, Arizona† Many underprivileged groups such as, African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, just to name a few, often struggle to flourish within society due to lack of resources and lose their identity in assumption of their â€Å"inadequacy†. Sherman Alexie, a Native American activist, reveals the effects of poverty through the life of Victor, a young Native American living in a reservation, in his short story, â€Å"This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona†. Victor, right afterRead MoreThis Is What It Means For Say Phoenix, Arizona Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona†: The Road to a New Beginning America, the melting pot country, a country in which every one is equal, unless you are created different. In the short story This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona by Sherman Alexie, two men embark on a journey that improves their lives spiritually and allows them to claim the closure that they are both seeking. Although the author s main purpose is to share a story about a man s journey to find peace, he isRead MoreThe Current Condition of Native Americans Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesThe Current Condition of Native Americans When you think of Native Americans, do you just think of what happened to them in the past, or do you think of how they live today and how they are viewed by the people around them? You probably do not think of how the Native Americans are viewed today. There are many Indian organizations out there that help the Native Americans improve their lifestyle and how they live. There has been an expansion in the Indian population since they have beenRead MoreWhat It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesshort story written in the first person focusing on two Native American Men who grew up together on a Reservation for Native Americans but have been estranged from each other since they were teenagers. Victor who is the narrator of this story is a young man who lost faith in his culture and its traditions, while Thomas our second main character is a deeply rooted traditional storyteller. In the beginning of the story Victor, our Native American narrator learns the death of his father. Jobless and pennilessRead More Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesSpecial Education Implementation For Native American Girls Quality education for children has been an ongoing issue for todays society. There has also been an increasing concern for the education of students with special needs. The effect of these concerns has been noted in many communities, such as the Native American community. The population of special education students in the Native American communities is not necessarily higher than others, however, their community is effectedRead MoreThis Is What It Means To Say Phoenix, Arizona: Stereotypes Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"This Is What It Means To Say Phoenix, Arizona† discusses the physical and mental journey of Victor, a Native American man in the state of Washington, as he goes to Phoenix, Arizona to claim his father’s remains and his savings account. While on this journey, Victor learns about himself, his father, and his Indian culture with the help of his estranged friend, Thomas Builds-the–Fire. The author, Sherman Alexie, plays on the stereotypes of Native Americans through the characters of Victor and ThomasRead MoreThe Movie Smoke Signals Directed By Chris Eyre1513 Words   |  7 Pagesstory This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona by Sherman Alexie readers follow the characters Victor and Thomas as they travel to claim the ashes of Victors deceased father. The trip will take them from their Native American reservation in Washington state to Arizona. This trip is long and with Thomas the Story Teller it’s even longer. Life on the reservation is hard due to all the poverty, alcoholism and other problems that modern Native Americans face. This trip is a way for the two boys toRead MoreArizona’s Historical Development2438 Words   |  10 Pagesdates back to thousands of years ago. Arizona holds the second largest amount of indigenous/ Native American population of any other state in the United States. One of the first groups of people to live on Arizona’s land was the Native Americans, or otherwis e called the American Indians. These Natives came much before any of the Europeans, or the Spanish settlers came to Arizona. There were three main Native American groups that truly began the exploration of Arizona. These groups include the Anasazi

The Fashion Of Fashion Blogs - 1530 Words

ï ¼Ë†Introductionï ¼â€° This essay will argue that fashion blogger became one of the Fashion icons in this generation. At the beginning of the essay, I will explain the purpose of use fashion blogger as the topic; introduction of the society environment will be given as a support to identify the influence of fashion bloggers. After that fashion blogger’s historical and background will use SWOT analysis to conclude the environment of blogger, then I will discuss how blogger relate to fashion marketing with example. (Purpose) The purpose of this topic is to find out how the fashion bloggers develop themselves through the social media in recent years and how would they relate themselves to the fashion marketing. More over, when they received a large amount of followers and those brands come to them, how would they balance the brand promotion and their personal identity? (Historical) Fashion blogger has been rapidly changing over the past couple years, its prototype found in 1978 the photographer call Bill Cunningham published his impromptu photo into the New York Times, soon after it became a series of his personal fashion style column. The real sense of blogger found in late 1990s in US, the term is the contraction of â€Å"web log†, log meaning â€Å"diary†, Hugh Hewit (2013) maintain that blog is an online site with time-dated postings, maintained by one or more posters, that features links and commentary. Fashion blog is like a online platform for people to share there experience of latestShow MoreRelatedThe Buying Process Through Fashion Blogs1573 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess, some consumers read fashion blogs because they are looking for inspiration and new ideas for shopping, so they do a lot of information research. They already have the shopping motivation and this motivation is using fashion blogs for being satisfied. I thi nk this is half of the sales road for companies: they already have thousands of motivated customers looking for some products which can satisfy their needs. This is the moment when companies have to be present on blogs. Here, the potential customerRead MoreDiscourse Organization on Asian Fashion Blogs3473 Words   |  14 Pagesof Asian Fashion Blogs Introduction Background of the study Blogging has emerged as one of the most popular forms of online discourse. The ease and lack of expense in setting blogs has raised intriguing possibilities for language learning in social media. The unique nature of its architecture and its low cost have not only affected how different bloggers can publish and distribute their work to a wider audience but also how they see themselves as writers. According to Blood (2002), blogs have beenRead MoreHow Fashion Blogs Use The Language Of Evaluation1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdevoted follower of fashion blogs, which allows me to read about the very latest fashion from local, national and international sources. Fashion bloggers need to be very knowledgeable of trends and upcoming events if they want to inform the public of these. For fashion bloggers the purpose is not to write essays like magazine articles but short paragraphs evaluating trends and events. Here I will attempt to discuss and demonstrate how fashion blogs use the language of evaluation. Fashion bloggers needRead MoreCreating Your Brand Development : Your Fashion Blog2384 Words   |  10 PagesCreating Your Brand Brand Development Your fashion blog literally is an online canvas which illustrates useful and interesting information for your readers on fashion industry, fashion items and even designers. Nevertheless you are inadequate in the areas of how you can make money out of this, what are the possible techniques for you to reach your readers and especially fabricate quality and useful content. To keep away from becoming a content mill, which merely create content just for the sakeRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Media On Modern Society1618 Words   |  7 PagesWith time and lots of improvements Internet replaced most of the physical published media. All fashion magazines are using nowadays digital platforms, websites and blogs to proof their published editions. New fashion media represents new technology and new IT generation, users of networks such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, websites and blogs. The main goal for the new generation is to democratise fashion journalism and adapt it to the newest innovat ions. This essay will discuss the rise of digitalRead MoreDiscourse Community Research And Analysis1084 Words   |  5 Pagespurses, style, fashion, and celebrity news. They have so much knowledge about my favorite designers such as Hermes and Chanel. Oh my-gosh, I’m so obsessed and I have fallen head over heels in love with this blog. I believe members of this community what they are doing is keeping up with the latest fashion trends in Paris and all over the world. The blog does postings so the rest of the members can be on top of all the fashion trends. The things they say are where to buy and sell all fashion items andRead MoreTraditional Marketing Is No Longer Working1055 Words   |  4 Pagesnon-aggressive way. Its really important that the evolution of technology has created new opportunities for marketers, and blogs are one of the key points of this new age. Thanks to the introduction of Web 2.0, the blogging phenomenon has become an important marketing channel, as it has enabled a new way of communicating and sharing information. But ... whats new in blogs? The reason because blogging has quickly became such a popular tool for internet communication is just because the users canRead MoreFashion Career Purpose Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pageshigh school, I created a fashion-inspired blog. Since I enjoyed watching celebrities on the red carpet, and segments discussing trends and personal styles, I wanted a different platform where I can write and discuss my own views. I curated a fashion-inspired blog on Tumblr where I wrote pieces of what I thought was stylish and trendy. Having a blog combined two of my greatest interests: fashion and writing. Since I enjoy writing stories and reviews, especially about fashion, I know that this is theRead MoreThe Beauty And Cosmetics Industry Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesside- effects. When it comes to hair and beauty, you cannot afford to get it wrong. Online blogs on hair and beauty is a great place to keep up with the trends, learning about new styles and learning about new products. In this article, we will discuss the top hair and bea uty blogs that you should visit. http://www.hairromance.com/Christina Christina’s blog is truly informative. It’s a one stop hair advice blog. There are tutorials, tricks on doing your hair and all this is delivered in a warm settingRead MoreFashion Blogging is Big Business1657 Words   |  7 PagesFashion bloggers can earn to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year. And the bulk of the money isnt necessarily coming from brands paying for ads on their sites; it comes from brands paying the bloggers to endorse their products in various ways. (The Womens Wear Daily, fashion industry trade paper) A clothing label might hire a fashion blogger to style a runway show and tweet and blog about the project; or to serve as a model in their ad campaigns and post the images on their blog; or to simply

Coco free essay sample

DhshshshsPoets use many techniques to convey their thoughts and purpose in their poetry. In this case, Kenneth Slessors poetry will be analysed to show his effectiveness. William Street is a poem which discusses virtually the beauty and ugliness of the red light-headed district. Country Towns, in contrast, romanticizes the country and its sleepy atmosphere. In addition, Night-Ride is overly sleepy in tone and tells about a originate trip Slessor ttok. Finally, Beach Burial will be discussed about its anti-war themes. William Street is a very colourful poem by Slessor. With the use of imagery and other literary techniques that help readers champion the environment, Slessor achieves a vivid description of the area. But when contrsasting content with purpose, it is up to the reader to judge what Slessor is trying to convey. Each stanza ends with, you find it displeasing, I find it lovely. This tells readers that it is up to them to make the judgement of whether it is ugly or lovely. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, this simply manages two types of opinions and reinforces it through repeat throughout the poem. The first stanza sets up the atmosphere of William Street, with the red globes of light, light the streets. Also, mentions of flashing neon lights reinforce the fact that this poem is set during the night. Poets use many techniques to convey their thoughts and purpose in their poetry. In this case, Kenneth Slessors poetry will be analysed to show his effectiveness. William Street is a poem which discusses virtually the beauty and ugliness of the red light-headed district. Country Towns, in contrast, romanticizes the country and its sleepy atmosphere. In addition, Night-Ride is overly sleepy in tone and tells about a originate trip Slessor ttok. Finally, Beach Burial will be discussed about its anti-war themes. William Street is a very colourful poem by Slessor. With the use of imagery and other literary techniques that help readers champion the environment, Slessor achieves a vivid description of the area. But when contrsasting content with purpose, it is up to the reader to judge what Slessor is trying to convey. Each stanza ends with, you find it displeasing, I find it lovely. This tells readers that it is up to them to make the judgement of whether it is ugly or lovely. In addition, this simply manages two types of opinions and reinforces it through repeat throughout the poem. The first stanza sets up the atmosphere of William Street, with the red globes of light, light the streets. Also, mentions of flashing neon lights reinforce the fact that this poem is set during the night. Poets use many techniques to convey their thoughts and purpose in their poetry. In this case, Kenneth Slessors poetry will be analysed to show his effectiveness. William Street is a poem which discusses virtually the beauty and ugliness of the red light-headed district. Country Towns, in contrast, romanticizes the country and its sleepy atmosphere. In addition, Night-Ride is overly sleepy in tone and tells about a originate trip Slessor ttok. Finally, Beach Burial will be discussed about its anti-war themes. William Street is a very colourful poem by Slessor. With the use of imagery and other literary techniques that help readers champion the environment, Slessor achieves a vivid description of the area. But when contrsasting content with purpose, it is up to the reader to judge what Slessor is trying to convey. Each stanza ends with, you find it displeasing, I find it lovely. This tells readers that it is up to them to make the judgement of whether it is ugly or lovely. In addition, this simply manages two types of opinions and reinforces it through repeat throughout the poem. The first stanza sets up the atmosphere of William Street, with the red globes of light, light the streets. Also, mentions of flashing neon lights reinforce the fact that this poem is set during the night. Poets use many techniques to convey their thoughts and purpose in their poetry. In this case, Kenneth Slessors poetry will be analysed to show his effectiveness. William Street is a poem which discusses virtually the beauty and ugliness of the red light-headed district. Country Towns, in contrast, romanticizes the country and its sleepy atmosphere. In addition, Night-Ride is overly sleepy in tone and tells about a originate trip Slessor ttok. Finally, Beach Burial will be discussed about its anti-war themes. William Street is a very colourful poem by Slessor. With the use of imagery and other literary techniques that help readers champion the environment, Slessor achieves a vivid description of the area. But when contrsasting content with purpose, it is up to the reader to judge what Slessor is trying to convey. Each stanza ends with, you find it displeasing, I find it lovely. This tells readers that it is up to them to make the judgement of whether it is ugly or lovely. In addition, this simply manages two types of opinions and reinforces it through repeat throughout the poem. The first stanza sets up the atmosphere of William Street, with the red globes of light, light the streets. Also, mentions of flashing neon lights reinforce the fact that this poem is set during the night. Poets use many techniques to convey their thoughts and purpose in their poetry. In this case, Kenneth Slessors poetry will be analysed to show his effectiveness. William Street is a poem which discusses virtually the beauty and ugliness of the red light-headed district. Country Towns, in contrast, romanticizes the country and its sleepy atmosphere. In addition, Night-Ride is overly sleepy in tone and tells about a originate trip Slessor ttok. Finally, Beach Burial will be discussed about its anti-war themes. William Street is a very colourful poem by Slessor. With the use of imagery and other literary techniques that help readers champion the environment, Slessor achieves a vivid description of the area. But when contrsasting content with purpose, it is up to the reader to judge what Slessor is trying to convey. Each stanza ends with, you find it displeasing, I find it lovely. This tells readers that it is up to them to make the judgement of whether it is ugly or lovely. In addition, this simply manages two types of opinions and reinforces it through repeat throughout the poem. The first stanza sets up the atmosphere of William Street, with the red globes of light, light the streets. Also, mentions of flashing neon lights reinforce the fact that this poem is set during the night.

YR11 Chemistry Essay Example For Students

YR11 Chemistry Essay Industrial Electrolytic ProcessesAluminium ExtractionAluminium is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of its molten oxide,alumina (Al2O3). Because alumina has a very high melting point (2045 C),the mineral cryolite (Na3AlF6) is added to lower the melting point in orderthat the electrolysis may be carried out at about 950 C. The electrolyticcell has carbon anodes and a carbon cathode (which forms the lining of thetank in which the electrolysis takes place). Carbon dioxide is formed atthe anodes, and aluminium at the cathode. It is heavier than the moltenalumina/cryolite mixture, and sinks to the bottom of the cell, where it istapped off. The procedure is known as the Hall-Heroult process. We will write a custom essay on YR11 Chemistry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now picAluminium extraction is very demanding on electrical current (typically,800 V and 70 000 A), and is economical only where power is cheap. Silver Plated CutleryElectroplating consists of depositing a thin layer of a metal on another,either for protection or for the sake of appearance. Typically, a brass ornickel object is coated with a layer of silver by making use ofelectrolysis of a silver solution, using the object to be coated as thecathode:The anode consists of pure silver, and the cathode is the object to beplated. The electrolyte is a mixture of silver nitrate with potassiumcyanide. The reactions are:At the anode: Ag picAg+ + e-At the cathode: Ag+ + e- picAgThe cyanide ensures a low concentration of silver ions, a condition forproviding the best platingElectrolysis has improved the quality of life in western society. WithoutElectrolysis many things that we as a society take for granted would notexists. The simplest thing as a phone would not work without copper wiring. Computers cars and most other forms of modern technology would not existwithout the basic materials that are obtained from electrolysis. 1. Transportation is a fast growing necessity for the modern country andits growing metropolises. Without it a country would not be able tocontinue living profitably. My education would be inaccessible 2. Communication is essential in this day and age and is taken forgranted I would be unable to communicate with friend and family wholive great distances away from me. 3. Technology such as computers would limit my information and my abilityto school assignments and substantially reduce my out put. Dayantha. Obeyesekere

Prussian Needle-Gun - Austro-Prussian War

Prussian Needle-Gun - Austro-Prussian War Creation of the famed Prussian Needle Gun began in 1824, when gunsmith Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse first began experimenting with rifle designs. The son of a locksmith in SÃ ¶mmerda, Dreyse spent 1809-1814 working in the Parisian gun factory of Jean-Samuel Pauly. A Swiss, Pauly tinkered with various experimental designs for breech-loading military rifles. In 1824, Dreyse returned home to SÃ ¶mmerda and opened a business producing percussion caps. Utilizing the knowledge he gained in Paris, Dreyse began by designing a muzzle-loading rifle that fired a self-contained cartridge. These cartridges consisted of a black powder charge, a percussion cap, and a bullet wrapped in paper. This single unit approach greatly reduced the time needed to reload and permitted a higher rate of fire. When the weapon was fired a long firing pin was driven by a coiled, conchoidal spring through the powder in the cartridge to strike and ignite the percussion cap. It was this needle-like firing pin which gave the weapon its name. Over the next twelve years, Dreyse changed and improved the design. As the rifle evolved, it became a breech-loader which possessed a bolt action. Revolutionary By 1836, Dreyses design was essentially complete. Presenting it to the Prussian Army, it was adopted in 1841 as the Dreyse ZÃ ¼ndnadelgewehr (Prussian Model 1841). The first practical breech-loading, bolt action military rifle, the Needle Gun, as it became known, revolutionized rifle design and led to the standardization of cartridged ammunition. Specifications Cartridge: .61 acorn-shaped round, paper cartridge w/ black powder and percussion capCapacity: 1 roundMuzzle Velocity: 1,000 ft./sec.Effective Range: 650 yds.Weight: approx. 10.4 lbs.Length: 55.9 in.Barrel Length: 35.8 in.Sights:Â  notch and front postAction:Â  bolt- actionolt-action The New Standard Entering service in 1841, the Needle Gun gradually became the standard service rifle of the Prussian Army and many other German states. Dreyse also offered the Needle Gun to the French, who after testing the weapon declined to purchase it in large quantities citing the weakness of the firing pin and a loss of breech-pressure after repeated firing. This latter issue led to a loss in muzzle velocity and range. First used by the Prussians during the 1849 May Uprising in Dresden, the weapon received its first true baptism by fire during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. Austro-Prussian War In 1866, the Needle Gun showed its superiority to muzzle-loading rifles during the Austro-Prussian War. In battle, Prussian troops were able to achieve a 5-to-1 superiority in rate of fire to their Austrian enemies due to the Needle Guns loading mechanism. The Needle Gun also allowed Prussian soldiers to easily reload from a concealed, prone position while the Austrians were forced to stand to reload their muzzle-loaders. This technological superiority greatly contributed to the swift Prussian victory in the conflict. Franco-Prussian War Four years later the Needle Gun was back in action during the Franco-Prussian War. In the years since Dreyse had offered his rifle to the French, they had been working on a new weapon which corrected the issues they saw with the Needle Gun. Despite its success during the Austro-Prussian War, the French criticisms of the weapon had proven true. Though easily replaced, the rifles firing pin had proven fragile often lasting only a few hundred rounds. Also, after several rounds, the breech would fail to close completely forcing Prussian soldiers to fire from the hip or risk being burned in the face by escaping gasses. Competition In response, the French designed a rifle known as the Chassepot after its inventor, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot. Though firing a smaller bullet (.433 cal.), the Chassepots breech did not leak which gave the weapon a higher muzzle velocity and greater range than the Needle Gun. As French and Prussian forces clashed, the Chassepot inflicted significant casualties on the invaders. Despite the effectiveness of their rifles, French military leadership and organization proved vastly inferior to the Needle Gun-equipped Prussians and led to their swift defeat. Retirement Recognizing that the Needle Gun had been eclipsed, the Prussian military retired the weapon after their victory in 1871. In its place, they adopted the Mauser Model 1871 (Gewehr 71) which was the first in a long line of Mauser Rifles used by the German military. These culminated with the Karabiner 98k that saw service during World War II. Selected Sources New York Times (December 25, 1868): The Needle Gun - Dissatisfaction with it in the Army

Ability To Efficiently Process Local Stimuli Psychology Essay

Ability To Efficiently Process Local Stimuli Psychology Essay This study is a replication of Navons third experiment in his 1977 paper Forest Before Trees. Participants are shown a large letter the global stimulus made up of smaller letters the local stimuli. The small and large letters are either consistent or contradictory. Participants were asked to identify the local stimuli. The aim was to determine whether global stimuli affected the reaction time of identifying local stimuli when the two are incongruent. 51 undergraduate students took part in the study which was an opportunity sample. This was a laboratory experiment of a repeated measures design. It was found that a contradicting global stimulus significantly affects the reaction time of identifying the local stimulus. From the results collected it can be concluded that global processing does affect local processing when the two figures are inconsistent and that incongruent stimuli cause a significantly delayed response to identifying the local stimuli. Is our ability to perceive and r ecognise local stimuli affected when local and global stimuli are incongruent? According to the theory of bottom-up processing, the whole is built up from its individual components. This would suggest that we first identify the local stimulus before perceiving the global one, implying that our ability to recognise the local stimulus should not be affected by the global one. However the Gestaltist law of common fate contradicts this in suggesting that we perceive the global stimulus as all of the local stimuli are positioned together to form it. Navon (1977) suggested in his paper ‘Forest Before Trees: The Precedence of Global Features in Visual Perception’ that we initially perceive the global structure and proceed to break it down to identify its components. He tested this by showing participants a large letter composed of smaller letters arranged to form the shape of the large letter. The small and large letters were either congruent or incongruent, and participants h ad to identify the small letter as quickly as possible. In this study, Navon’s original experiment was replicated to test whether the global letter affects the time taken to identify the local letter, comparing between when these letters are congruent or incongruent. The purpose of this study was to compare our findings to those already existing from Navon’s experiment to either corroborate or contradict his findings, and then discuss the possible explanations for the manner of global and local processing and how this can be applied to the real world and implicate possible future research. This study looks at whether global or local stimuli are perceived first and whether incongruence between them affects the speed at which they are recognised. Based on Navon’s findings, we expect that there will be an effect on reaction time when the local and global letters are incongruent, with it taking a significantly longer time to identify the local stimuli compared to wh en all stimuli are congruent. Method Design: This experiment was a laboratory experiment with a repeated measures design, in that the same group of participants performed the task a number of times in a row. The independent variable was the congruence of the stimuli, and the dependent variable being measured was the participant’s reaction time in seconds. The independent variable is nominal and the dependent variable is linear. All participants were tested at the same time under the same conditions, in the same setting; however this cannot account for personal factors such as attention or fatigue.

Learning Team Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning Team Paper - Essay Example This paper shall seek to answer that question. In the case of the supply chain, there has to be a critical look at ones suppliers. The company deals with material of a delicate nature and one must ensure that the suppliers also adhere to the highest standards possible. The molding company must also manage its supply chain such that so as to only undertake the tasks that are logistically sound. In other words, the supply chain must function at optimum capacity. Capacity management is also critical. The final expected return from the sale of the health parts should determine the necessary capacity. The company must ensure that the right numbers of people are at hand for a specific product. Some products are used in large numbers and so the target market shall determine the necessary capacity in that case. Excessive capacity will underutilize the workforce and lead to overproduction. Lean production is not to be ignored either. The engineer should be close to suppliers so as to minimize on transport costs. The watchword as far as lean production is concerned is waste. Cutting wastage of raw materials, wastage of stock and time wastage before delivery must be cut. After all, these are medical products and they need to be produced

American History I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American History I - Essay Example It is through religion that the blacks found a tool of enduring enslavement with their dignity still intact. Religion strengthened their belief that they will get their freedom. Other worshippers, however, felt that the whites became sent by God, to deliver them from their bondage. Through this, they became more loyal to the slave masters. Family was significant to the enslaved people. Family allowed the male slaves is more than a working beast. It gave him the opportunity of being a father, and also a husband. Women became allowed to be mothers and wives, and to take on responsibilities different from their slave duties (Stanley, 2000). Even though, on one hand the masters wanted these families since they wanted slaves to reproduce, they allowed for a whole new generation, to develop. Families weakened slavery because it is out of families that communities’ grew these turned out to be a world that the slave master never knew about, leading to easy riots and ganging up against slavery (Stanley, 2000). While region did both weaken and strengthened the institution of slavery, family weakened the institution completely. Families became able to plot on how to gang up against the masters without their knowledge. Slave leaders found it easier to pass information through families rather than holding public gatherings (Stanley,

Four freedoms :: essays research papers

1 Four freedoms – January 6, 1941 freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of armed aggression. 1. The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world. 2. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world. 3. The third is freedom from want -- which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world. 4. The fourth is freedom from fear -- which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-- anywhere in the world. his Four Freedoms speech did promise America's "full support" for the Allied cause. On August 14, 1941, President Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill confirmed the Four Freedoms as joint war aims in the Atlantic Charter. Atlantic Charter (declaration of U.S. into the war and to fight Germany first, and Japan second) 1. At the Casablanca Conference, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met and agreed on the term of â€Å"unconditional surrender.† At the Tehran Conference, the Big Three (Wilson, Churchill, and Josef Stalin, leader of Russia) met and agreed that the Soviets and Allies would launch simultaneous attacks At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies issued an ultimatum: surrender or be destroyed II. Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? 1. A final conference of the Big Three had taken place at Yalta in February 1945, where Soviet leader Joseph Stalin pledged that Poland should have a representative government with free elections, as would Bulgaria and Romania, but he broke those promises. 2. At Yalta, the Soviet Union had agreed to attack Japan three months after the fall of Germany, but by the time the Soviets entered the Pacific war, the U.

Identify Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

Communication can be hard when people speak different languages or use sign language, and it can become frustrating when you don’t understand what a person is saying. Barriers can occur when people find it hard to pass on or receive information because of impairment such as being death or bind which is quite common impairments. If a person is ill or feeling emotional this can also affect the way they communicate as they may be to upset and unable to get the right words out. At times service providers jargon can also be a barrier when they use big technical words to describe something and we are unsure of the term. The same can happen with young people and their slang words for instance, I have came across young people describe say a film as being sick, but to my misunderstanding they actually thought the film was really good so in this case the word sick means good, this is an example of a word meaning something totally different to what you believe it means. The environment y ou are in can also become a barrier to communication in certain circumstances such as, a wheelchair user not being able to see a shop keeper or receptionist as the counter is too high or a person with poor vision not being able to read signs as they are too small, faded or have words missing. So there can be a lot off barriers to overcome when trying to communicate effectively.

How Phospholipids Help Hold a Cell Together

Educational Enquiry Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Topic: Educational Enquiry Educational Enquiry They have being different experiences of researching learning using various methods that raises issues about the relationships between them, and the ways that learning is conceptualized. Learning is a theoretical and linguistic structure widely used in various cultures, and societies but with different meanings that are partly contradicting, and contested. The value of qualitative research has currently become questionable. This has been stirred by external criticism of educational research because it does not serve evidence based well practice. In this paper will be analyzing the conceptual significance of different methods of research learning based on Hargreaves teaching as a research based profession, possibilities, prospects and Hamersley educational research to evidence based practice. Based on their advantages, disadvantages and which is the best method. This paper will help in understanding the key and methods perspectives in ed ucational enquiry, how a choice of research paradigm, and associated methods relate to solving research problem. Hargreaves criticizes educational researcher is much of a non cumulative because it does not explicitly construct on earlier research by confirmation or falsifying it, expanding or refining it, and by replacing with better theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Enquiry or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The difficulty is a few small scale investigations of an issue are never followed up unavoidably hence producing inconclusive, and contestable finding of modest practical relevance. Morover replications that are a necessity in the society than the natural sciences because of the importance of contextual, and cultural variations are surprisingly rare. Regardless of the significant work there are few areas that have yielded a quantity of research evidence regarded as scientifically concrete, and as a worthwhile resource to direct professional action. Hargreaves’s view of what or should constitute educational research is discovered when he says â€Å"There is a poor infrastructure to the knowledge base of teachers compared to natural sciences, and biology doctors. It was once thought that this could be created through psychological, and sociological theory, and research from which general laws on learning, and organizations might be applied to educational phenomena. The outcome so far has been disappointing, though it may be that cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists will soon produce something finer. †Hargreaves argues current educational research is neither adequately cumulative nor relevant to teachers’ practical concerns for it to initiate the contribution required.

Leadership Paper - 2881 Words

Leadership project Product Description The project I chose to demonstrate my leadership on was to go around the Frostburg community picking up recycling and then dumping it in a local landfill. I first chose this project to work on because I thought, how could I help Frostburg and give back to the community? By recycling products and going green, these products can eventually be reprocessed and re-used without having it go to waste. I mainly decided to collect recycling to maintain and keep Frostburg clean and liter free. It establishes a healthy environment for locals, students and staff around the area. Going green and keeping the community environmentally friendly is highly stressed around the world today. Any kind†¦show more content†¦With my project, I did this through three styles of leadership, using portions from each. First, I acted as a charismatic leader using transformational leadership to motivate my followers. I then used the democratic leadership style. Unlike the autocratic style, I encouraged my followers to participate in the decision making process by sharing any ideas or objections they had to better my project (Lussier, R. Achua, C. 2010, p. 70). However, I did have the goals and plan already established previously to meeting with them. Once all this was put into place, I focused on getting the job done through the steps I planned using the task-oriented style. Using transformational leadership depends on the situation your in. I figured this style was the most important one to use because it transforms followers into self-motivated â€Å"leaders† while still supporting them (Lussier, R. Achua, C. 2010, p. 350). I wanted to motivate my followers from the start so that they could guide themselves the rest of the way. Because collecting recyclables is mostly manual labor, it was hard to motivate and influence my followers at first. By motivating my self, it inspired Gilbert and Antonio to be motivated as well. I showed enthusiasm when meeting with them to show ho w determined I was. I told them that I wanted our team to be the best one knowing other groups were doing similarShow MoreRelatedSynthesis Paper : Leadership And Leadership1259 Words   |  6 Pages Synthesis Paper: Leadership Introduction Over the years, a great deal of time, and research has been dedicate to the study of leadership. Even with extensive data on the topic, many still disagree on what leadership really means. Hence, leadership is a word that has many different meanings and different researched theories associated with it. On a basic level, leadership involves having and establishing a clear vision, sharing that vision with followers, respecting followers, and leading an organizationRead MoreSynthesis Paper : Leadership And Leadership1361 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Paper: Leadership Introduction Over the years, a great deal of time, and research has been dedicated to the study of leadership. 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Autobiography †Maxwell Joseph Delaney Free Essays

I was born on the 28th of July 1986 in Greenwich hospital and I was given the Maxwell Joseph Delaney. I lived in New Cross for a quarter of a year in a cosy little flat in Florence Terrace where I lived with my Mum, Dad and my brother Nick. I then moved to Gosforth in Newcastle where I attended South Gosforth First School. We will write a custom essay sample on Autobiography – Maxwell Joseph Delaney or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the nursery, my teacher was called Ms Handyside. There was a sandpit, paddling pool, toy den and a library, I used the toy den the most because it had toy motorbikes, I used to run riot with them. I had my 6th birthday in my back garden. It was excellent! There were some people dressed up as cartoon characters. There was Bart Simpson, The Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and Barney the dog. My dog Cher chased Barney around the garden. I lived in Newcastle until I was 8 then I moved back down to London where I lived in Blackheath, I started in year 3 at John Ball Primary School. My teacher was called Ms Carter, the first person I met was a boy called Patrick. On the first day a boy called Michael Leal got rather emotional over a few Maths questions he got wrong, it was hilarious! Every time the teacher said it was okay he got worse! In year 4 my teacher was Mr Russell, I broke my arm that year. I was coming home from football with my brother on the bikes and I skidded into his bike and I went straight over the bars. I waited in Greenwich Hospital for 2 hours before I could even be X-rayed. I was in plaster for 6 weeks, 6 glorious weeks full of no work and just laying board games in school! When I went to the hospital to have it removed they showed me what they were going to do it with I screamed! It was a big saw! I was scared at first but when they started cutting it tickled and I was laughing. On the other hand my mum wasn’t, there was a lady in the bed next to me who was having nails from her leg removed and my Mum felt very faint. In year 5 and 6 I was in the school football team, we won the league both years and paid two visits for tournaments at Millwall. My nickname was â€Å"The Wall† because of my defensive capabilities. When I was 9 my Nan died. I was living in London and we were coming back from a visit up to Newcastle and that’s when my Mum decided to tell me. My first emotion was sadness and I cried through the whole journey but after a few weeks I realised it was for the best as my Nan was in extreme pain as she was suffering from leukaemia. We had visited her every day in hospital. It was sad for me because I knew that she was very close to dying. There was one funny thing about it; my Brother and I would sit in the chair by the patient next to my Nan. We would touch her flowers and she would start waving her hands frantically at us. My Brother and I were not allowed to go to my Nans’ funeral because my Mum and Dad wanted us to remember all the good times and not her lying in a coffin. It was the my first day at Crown Woods, I can remember waking and feeling â€Å"Oh, my God! I’ve got to go back.† After a long play during the summer that is genuinely how I felt. I just didn’t want to go back because I knew it would be a lot harder. I was rushing about all morning trying to get everything perfect because I didn’t want to slip up on my first day. I gave my Mum a kiss, she wished me luck and sent me off. I walked half way down the road and I got the feeling I was forgetting something. I dug my hands deep into my pockets and found there was nothing in them. I rushed off home and asked for some dinner money and keys! I’d just got off the bus and saw the school for only the third time and it looked like a prison but I wasn’t intimidated at all. It was a day when it was only year sevens in school and I was one of the biggest so I loved it nobody tried anything. As I walked into the tutor room I didn’t know anybody so I just sat anywhere, I made friends quickly with Ricky, Nick and Dan. My first lesson was English and I didn’t enjoy it at all. We had to write about ourselves, it was a lot harder than Primary school English lessons. At break I played football with the boys from my tutor group. I didn’t score any but I managed to make a huge impression with my football skills. I took Jorel and Ryan out of the game by dirtying them up good. The rest of the day was really boring. This year I had just moved into my new house. We weren’t allowed pets as we were renting. We had received a call the previous evening to say that the landlord Ahmed was coming over to fix the plugs, as a few of them were a bit dodgy. My Mum had recently bought my little sister Lauren a hamster called Hercules. Lauren would put Hercules in a pink jewellery box and call him Duchess. It was Saturday morning at around 10:00 am, everyone was up except Nick, the landlord was due at 10:30 am. My Mum had remembered the Hamster upstairs and proceeded to mutter to herself â€Å"Where am I going to hide the hamster.† I offered her a cup of tea to calm her and we then began to think of places to hide the hamster. First of all there was the cupboard under the stairs, but the landlord might hear him, then, my Mums’ wardrobe, but there was the sound thing again. We were as dry as the desert for ideas, suddenly I came up with the shed. Perfect! Ahmed would never go out there. My Mum asked me to take the hamster out there while she hovered up. I unlocked the patio doors ran out into the garden, ducked the clothesline and put the hamster in the shed. I then ran back, ducked the clothesline and SMACK! When I got up I could see my sister in hysterics. I had run straight into the patio doors and knocked myself out. The Landlord never did find the hamster. How to cite Autobiography – Maxwell Joseph Delaney, Papers

Frozen Beyond the Ice and Snow Essay Example For Students

Frozen Beyond the Ice and Snow Essay This animated film, Frozen, features two beautiful sisters that have never had a real relationship until their parents die in a tragic accident. As one sister Elsa finally breaks free, the other sister Anna chases after to show that she will always accept her. Frozen brings out the themes of family, love and of course just letting go and being who you truly are. While this a heartwarming parable of sisterhood, the story itself has much more to tell behind the curtains. Behind the curtains, Frozen uses magic powers as a metaphor for puberty. This is a time when our emotions are raw, uneasy, unpredictable, and new. Elsa is the sister with magical powers. She has the ability to create snow and ice but from the time she was young she was told to conceal it. This could be because when going through puberty, girls go through changes in the body. Her parents did not want to allow the men to see that and chase after her so they locked her away. Her sister, Anna, who was a lot younger at the time did not understand which forced Elsa to feel like she could not relate to her anymore. This caused Elsa to completely shut Anna out. When it comes to women hitting puberty, the more they suppress it, the worse it comes out. When Elsa finally explodes she puts the entire kingdom under a blizzard of unstoppable snow. The new feelings and our urges to appeal to the opposite sex or same sex, could both be described as having powers. The hit song, â€Å"Let it Go† may present a deeper meaning to the story and certainly paralleling with Elsa and the theory of her coming out and being gay. Elsa lives by the motto, â€Å"Conceal, don’t feel. Don’t let it show. Her parents hide her away in her bedroom, lock the gates so that nobody can see her powers. They say her nature is unacceptable as well as dangerous so is she forced to train herself to control it. They specifically say in the movie that she was not cursed with these powers but that she was born with them. She is forced to wear white gloves, which symbolizes that the gloves are some form of concealm ent holding in her true feelings and emotions. When Elsa finally takes off the gloves and shows her powers the society disowns her and she runs away to the mountains. The mountains represent the uphill battle that Elsa is facing with her emotions but when she finally can’t conceal it anymore she blossoms into everything she is, but could not be. In the song, she finally says that perfect girl is gone, and that she is free. Elsa was a troubled character in the beginning and the more the story proceeds, the more she rebuilds herself. Accepting herself was the first part of being who she truly is but when she comes back to the kingdom, they finally learned to accept her. One of the most controversial theories for this movie, is that it is sexist. Frozen is based on a Hans Christian Anderson fairy tale where a girl saves a male friend but in the movie they made Anna need a man’s help. As far as how the characters looked, the male was made out to look like he doesn’t care about how he dresses. This is portrayed as a stereotypically male. For Anna they make her almost appear to look like Rapunzel from the movie ‘Tangled. ’ This is just proving that most of Disney’s characters lack diversity. Anna also had huge eyes that were practically bigger than most her body parts. .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d , .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .postImageUrl , .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d , .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:hover , .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:visited , .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:active { border:0!important; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:active , .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c8f277010f3792e768f0110ceea1c0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Good Life - Groundhog Day EssayThis could be signaling that a part of being female is to be as small as possible while having other body parts big to attract others. On the other hand, Elsa expresses how free she is by always doing what she wanted. She got rid of her old traditional dress and outdated it with a beautiful, and sexy dress. She also decorated her new castle just the way she wanted, like the average traditional woman would do. The freedom also caused her to leave behind the kingdom as well as her sister. In most Disney movies the male would have took responsibility for his actions but she is forced to go back in chains. The chains symbolize that her freedom is taken away from her. One of the most feminist theories is that girls are always falling in love at first sight. This happens to Anna when she meets Hans. Hans uses his charm to overcome Anna’s weak ability to see past it. The charm is almost seen as an unstoppable force over women. This is a power that men have used on women that can’t see past it. It is almost not fair to the women that they have no control over it. Anna also gives Hans all her trust, leaving him the kingdom while she searches for her sister. This represents her immaturity and lack of wisdom that young women now a days portray. This leaves the audience feeling like they portray all women as naive and thoughtless. While the movie Frozen tells a tale about two sisters coming together, it also shows two women finding their own strengths and weaknesses. They not only find their strengths and weaknesses but they learn and rebuild from the bottom up. The deeper messages found in this movie can relate to how hard it is for someone hiding something to hide it and not be able to express who they really are. It encourages everybody to express their true self as well as break free and don’t let society decide who you are.

Performance Measurement Essay Example

Performance Measurement Essay The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/0263-7472. htm Performance measurement in facilities management: driving innovation? Michael Pitt and Matthew Tucker School of the Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to examine the state of knowledge of performance measurement in facilities management, in particular regarding the concepts underlying benchmarking in relation to its ability to drive innovation in the industry. Design/methodology/approach – An evaluation of the key issues surrounding performance measurement and the effective application of benchmarking systems are examined, exploring the possibility of applying a benchmarking technique to measure facilities performance. Findings – The paper suggests that a fully developed performance measurement solution via effective benchmarking can deliver as a business tool in facilities management (FM), whilst acting as a driver in the innovation process. Practical implications – With the nature of performance measurement having changed over the past few decades, the paper acts as a catalyst to how performance measurement systems and techniques operate within FM and stimulate innovation. Originality/value – By adopting the notion of innovation to performance measurement, the paper highlights new areas of thought to facilities management and how performance measurement is strategically applied to the industry. Keywords Performance measures, Benchmarking, Facilities, Innovation Paper type Research paper We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Measurement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Measurement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Measurement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Performance measurement in FM 241 Received October 2005 Revised August 2007 Accepted May 2008 Introduction Performance measurement is an area to which companies have paid much attention recently. Performance is regarded as a major competitive issue (Tran? eld and Akhaghi, 1995). In facilities management (FM), there is a wide range of choices in measuring FM performance, re? ecting the varied nature of the ? eld. The focus on FM skills and techniques should be in the areas that contribute to the overall management of a business, ? nancial and ersonal criteria (Barrett, 1992). This paper aims to review the state of knowledge of performance measurement in FM and seeks to explore how measuring service performance is linked to innovation processes within the organisation. Benchmarking is a key performance measurement tool that allows organisations to achieve added value and â€Å"superior performance† (Camp, 1989). The discussion focuses on the proposition of adopting benchmarking techniques in measuring facilities performance, driving a framework of an FM performance measurement solution. It is important to stress however that by researching such an approach, with the emphasis on benchmarking, it does not contend that benchmarking should be the only performance instrument implemented to organisational performance measurement Property Management Vol. 26 No. 4, 2008 pp. 241-254 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0263-7472 DOI 10. 1108/02637470810894885 PM 26,4 systems. It merely identi? es the importance of benchmarking as a stimulant to achieving innovation in performance measurement. Facilities management overview FM is a relatively new discipline. It has developed since around 1978 where the Herman Miller Corporation, the worlds leading furniture manufacturer, staged a conference on â€Å"Facilities Impact on Productivity†. This might be seen as the beginning of FM. FM as a discipline emerged out of practice, just as the great established professions. It emerged with the integration of three main strands of activity: property management, property operations and maintenance and of? ce administration (Kincaid, 1994). More signi? antly it established a focus on the management and delivery of the business â€Å"outputs† of both of these entities; namely the productive use of building assets as workplaces (Varcoe, 2000). The International Facility Management Association (IFMA) and the British Institute of Facilities Management (BIFM) adopt the following de? nition, â€Å"the practise of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of th e organisation: it integrates the principles of business administration/architecture/behaviour/ engineering science† (US Library of Congress). FM can be de? ned as the integration and alignment of the non-core ervices, including those relating to premises, required to operate and maintain a business to fully support the core objectives of the organisation. Over the years, FM has been growing as a business ? eld and also as a scienti? c discipline, slowly ? nding and anchoring its position among organisations’ business processes. Nowadays, the dedication of FM organisations to new developments and continuous innovation processes seems to be the way to stay in business, constantly exceeding customers’ expectations and adding value to the core business of the client organisation (Mudrak et al. , 2004). Performance measurement principles and revolution The traditional view determined by Teague and Eilon (1973) of performance measurement is that it has three broad purposes: (1) to ensure the achievement of goals and objectives; (2) to evaluate, control and improve procedures and processes; and (3) to compare and assess the performance of different organisations, teams and individuals. An early attempt at developing ? nancial measures was made by Du Pont (Walters, 1997). Du Pont is widely acknowledged as being the founder of ? nancial performance measurement, by introducing a pyramid of ? ancial ratios as early as 1903. However, in the late 1970s and 1980s, numerous authors expressed a general dissatisfaction with traditional backward looking or lag accounting based performance measurement systems. In the 1990s, attention on performance measurement shifted to quality and consumer satisfaction. A broader conceptualisation of business performance emerged, as the emphasis on operational performance (i. e. non-? nancial performance) was added to indicators to measure business performance (Venkatraman and Ramanujam, 1986). 42 Traditionally the use of ? nancial indicators has determined the way in which businesses operate – if the cost is low, and the pro? t is high then they are happy. With the considerable in? uence of the changing business marketplace however, this philosophy is no longer sustainable, and the emergence of non-? nancial or qualitative indicators, speci? cally focused on process, structure and change, instead of traditional cost, pro? t, and output, has drastically changed the way in which businesses perceive performance. Drucker (1993) described traditional measures as not adequate for business evaluation and fail to meet new business needs as they are lagging indicators. By this, they mean that traditional indicators are not able to provide real time performance, they are always set on past periods. This was reiterated by Varcoe (1996) terming traditional indicators as being â€Å"past their sell by date†. Kaplan and Norton (1996) contended that â€Å"companies were in the midst of a revolutionary transformation† as they shifted from industrial age competition to information age competition. By this, they urged that it was no longer feasible to gain â€Å"competitive advantage† within business merely through the deployment of new technology (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). To this, a shift has occurred, as Kaplan and Norton (2001) claim that ? nancial measures are historical in nature, they report only on outcomes and the consequences of past actions. Amartunga and Baldry (2003) summarised the views advanced in the debate on traditional performance measurement as follows: . Criticism of traditional management control (Brown and Laverick, 1994; Stone, 1996; Letza, 1996; Rangone, 1997; Neely, 1998). Need to represent non-? nancial measures (Olve et al. , 1999; Ernst Young, 1998). . Lack of prescription on how to implement the measures (Olve et al. , 1999; McFadzean, 1995). . Lack of strategic focus (Hally, 1994). The debate and the criticism on traditional performance measurement show that ? nancial performance measures are not a solution to the measurement of business p erformance. Therefore the principles of performance measurement become revolution, as contemporary ideas and practices of how to strategically measure business performance change. For Nani et al. (1990) performance measurement systems were developed as a means of monitoring and maintaining organisational control: Organisational control may be de? ned as the process of ensuring that an organisation pursues strategies that lead to the achievement of overall goals and objectives. Performance measurement in FM 243 Hronec’s (1993) work emphasises this, de? ning performance measures as a vital sign of the organisation, showing how well activities within a process or the outputs of a process achieve a speci? c goal. According to Zairi (1994) performance measurement is the systematic assignment of a number of activities. Kanter (1995) claims that in today’s dynamic business environment the emphasis has shifted to the â€Å"three C’s† – concepts, competence, and connections, which drives from investments in innovation, education and collaboration. As cited in Wilson (2000), the roles of performance measurement have been intertwined with the premise that organisations achieve PM 26,4 244 success (meet their objectives) by delivering services with greater ef? ciency and effectiveness than their competitors (Ghobadian and Ashworth, 1994). Further themes emerging in contemporary academic literature that relate to adding value to performance measurement systems have been determined and analysed by Wilson (2000). The themes are: . Measurement for improvement, which states that measurement systems are service functions and only have the right to exist if they add value to the organisation (Van Schalkwyk, 1998). . The integration of broad measures, which see the challenge for performance measurement systems as being the ability to balance multiple measures (i. e. cost, quality and time) across multiple levels (i. e. he organisation, the process and the people) (Hronec, 1993). . Clear communication and dissemination, where, if information is poorly presented, it may be misunderstood, poorly assimilated or at the extreme completely ignored (Harvey, 1984). Research by Amartunga and Baldry (2003) described performance measurement as a process of assessing progress towards achieving pre-determined goals, including information o n the ef? ciency by which resources are transformed into goods and services, the quality of these outputs and outcomes, and the effectiveness of organisational objectives. Therefore, the basic foundations of performance measurement are the quali? cations of elements, which impact on organisational objectives, management control and evaluation. Fitzgerald et al. (1991) examined performance measurement in service businesses. They highlighted the complexity of measuring performance within the service sector, as opposed to that of the manufacturing sector, as services are intangible in nature. For example, Fitzgerald et al. (1991) talk about air travel where there are many intangible factors such as the helpfulness of the cabin crew, but also more tangible factors, such as the measure of luggage with passengers. Fitzgerald et al. (1991) contended therefore that â€Å"a range of measures† is required, which act as a â€Å"contingency theory† to the uniqueness of performance measurement within the service sector. Fitzgerald et al. (1991) stressed however that the selection of a range of performance measures should be made according to the strategic intentions of the organisation. What this means in essence is that measures should have a balance so that one dimension is not dominating the performance system and consequently skewing the strategic goals of the organisation. Facilities performance and innovation The objectives and roles of performance measurement to achieve organisation goals have been expounded as FM is growing and enhancing into this business. However, as business performance becomes revolution, the need for learning, growth, and innovation becomes crucial. There are as many de? nitions of innovation as there are of FM. Innovation can be de? ned as a continuous process of bringing new ideas into practical uses (Tidd et al. , 2001). A broad de? nition as cited in Mudrak et al. 2004) is that innovation is: a management process, involving multiple activities, performed by multiple actors from one or several organisations, during which new combinations of means and/or ends, which are new for creating and/or adopting a unit, are developed and/or produced and/or implemented and/or transferred to old and/or new market-partners. Performance measurement in FM 245 According to Tidd et al. (2001) the innovation processes in product and service de velopment are similar in principle; however, they vary in speci? routines and activities performed, by which the innovation processes are enabled. One of the more common debates concerning the de? nition of innovation asks whether innovation should be regarded as a process or a discrete event (Cooper, 1998). Either a process or discrete event, innovation is a synergised element to organisation growth and competition in the market. According to Cooper (1998) understanding of learning processes is a key requirement for the facilitation and optimisation of improvement and innovation in business processes. By understanding and optimising learning processes, managers in organisations will be able to achieve behavioural change leading to performance measurement. With respect to performance measurement and the innovation process in organisations’ it shows that performance measurement is the driver. Buckler (1998) explained the link between learning and performance improvement and stated that by understanding and optimising learning process, managers will be able to achieve behaviour change leading to performance improvement (Figure 1). Therefore the growth in performance measurement within the FM discipline seems to relate and directly impact on the organisations performance and actual innovation of that performance. Facilities performance measurement The focus of facilities management skills and techniques should be in the area that contributes to the overall management of a business by relating accommodation and support infrastructure issues to business, ? nancial and personal criteria (Barrett, 1992). Therefore the issue of measuring facility performance is a critical task to the facilities manager. However, why should FM organisations want to measure performance? From a classical management perspective there is a need to assess performance in order to guide management decision-making, and as FM is a subset of general management, performance measurement applies to management in the FM context (Amaratunga et al. , 2000). Further, performance measurement is a driver to an innovation process in an organisation. Alexander (1996) identi? es measurement of performance as one of the â€Å"three essential issues for the effective implementation of a facilities strategy†. Thus Figure 1. The link between learning and performance improvement PM 26,4 246 performance measurement has become increasingly important both for reasons of justi? cation to general management and to support management and practise within FM organisations. The measurement of facilities has three main components, namely, physical, functional, and ? nancial (Williams, 1996). Physical performance relates to the behaviour of the building fabric and embraces physical properties such as structural integrity, heating, lighting, energy ef? ciency, maintainability, and durability. Functional performance concerns the relationship of the building with its occupiers and embraces issues such as space, layout, ergonomics, image, ambience, communication, health and safety, and ? exibility. Finally, ? nancial performance arises from the physical and functional performances of the building and comprises capital and recurrent (life-cycle) expenditures, depreciation and ef? ciency of use etc. According to Amartunga and Baldry (2003), the contribution made by FM will be judged by organisations’ stakeholders over a wide range of performance criteria, including the hard metrics of ? ance and economics. FM is seen to be able to contribute to the performance of an organisation in many ways, including strategy, culture, control of resources, service delivery, supply chain management, and perhaps most importantly, the management of change. Quality, value and the management of risk also emerge as signi? cant factors. Thus it is important to have systems to measure the ef fect of the FM functions on an organisations core business, together with systems to measure FM’s own performance. There is a wide range of choices in measuring FM performance re? ecting the varied nature of the ? eld, and is regarded as a major competitive issue (Kincaid, 1994). Facilities managers must understand the nature and the business of the organisation and their work process in order to derive the effective and ef? cient measurement tools. Besides this, the facilities manager may also have to clarify the purposes of measurement before deciding on the technique to be applied for assessing facilities management performance. Measuring facilities performance: a practical insight The key determinant in achieving effective performance measurement is to view FM strategically, where FM is aligned to support the core objectives of the organisation. To exemplify how this may operate practically, let us take one element of FM, the reception service. The reception service is at the front-line of the business. Often it is the ? rst service that the customer comes in contact with, and consequently has a signi? cant impact on their initial perception of the organisation. One could assume therefore that the most ef? ient method to measure the performance of the reception service is through customer satisfaction indicators. However, is this comparable for all organisations? Here is where FM performance measurement must be viewed from a strategic context. This can be further exempli? ed by comparing three different organisations delivering a reception service. Firstly, the reception service within a telecommunications of? ce. Primarily, the core business objectives within the telecommunications industry are centred on the customer through the delivery of a product. All business operations must meet the needs of the customer in order to generate mass customer satisfaction and stimulate market sales. Hence, when measuring the ef? ciency of the reception service within a telecommunications of? ce, the primary indicators will be focussed on customer satisfaction, such as the helpfulness of staff, the ability of staff to deal with a query, and the comfort of the waiting area. Second, the reception service within an international bank. Again, primarily core objectives if an international bank are centred on the customer, in this case however through the delivery of ? ancial support and management. Here, the core business objectives differ slightly, as the bank is still primarily selling services to the customer and therefore needs to promote high levels of customer satisfaction, but also has an important security element involved due to the nature of the core business. When measuring the ef? ciency of the reception service within the bank, the indica tors will be different, focussed around two key factors – ensuring high levels of customer satisfaction, and ensuring security measures are in place when dealing with customers. This is likely to involve ensuring that standard identi? cation checks are taking place, such as cross-checking personal details within a database. Third, the reception service within a government security building. Here, the core business objectives differ dramatically to the previous two examples, as the primary focus is centred on security. In this instance, measuring the levels of customer satisfaction of the reception service fall much further down the list of priority indicators, and are overtaken with robust security measures ranging from ensuring that standard identi? ation checks are taking place, to more sophisticated measures involving rigorous scanning and checking of visitors entering and exiting the building. Through using the example of one element of FM, it illustrates the importance of how the practical application of performance measurement must be centred on the core business objectives of that organisation. FM performance measurement however is often too internall y focussed. Measures can therefore be benchmarked in order to understand how an organisation is performing compared to industry overall. However, the scope of benchmarking data depends heavily on the diversity and depth of the particular sector in which the organisation functions. From the examples above, benchmarking reception performance is much more accessible in the ? rst two examples. However, obtaining benchmarking data on high level security buildings is more dif? cult. The paper now seeks to understand how benchmarking can be used as a tool to measure facilities performance, and what impact this can have on driving innovation in FM performance measurement. Using benchmarking as a tool to measure facilities performance Benchmarking is essentially a cost reduction method (McDougall and Hinks, 2000). The principle of benchmarking evolved out of the total quality management movement and allows managers to place their performance measurement in context (Camp, 1989). It is the most powerful technique for gaining and maintaining competitive advantage (Codling, 1992). Sarkis (2001) outlines that from a managers perspective, benchmarking has been de? ed as a continuous, systematic process for evaluating the products, services and work processes of organisations that are recognised as representing best practices, for the purposes of the organisations’ improvement. For Camp (1989), benchmarking in the ? rst instance is about practices, not metrics. Many immediately consider benchmarking as a set of outputs, just like many confuse innovation as a one off invention instead of a process. Benchmarking is not as simple as gathering indicators t ogether so an organisation can evidence that they are measuring something. Because what are they measuring, and how relevant is it to their overall objectives? Hence, there must be a meaning before the measurement, a process Performance measurement in FM 247 PM 26,4 before the output, or in Camp’s case, a practice before the metric. To this, Camp de? nes benchmarking as follows: Benchmarking is the search for industry best practices that lead to superior performance. 248 In order to achieve this, Camp identi? es four basic steps that are fundamental to benchmarking success: (1) Know your operation – evaluate internal operation strengths and weaknesses. 2) Know the industry leaders or competitors – know the strengths and weaknesses of the competition. (3) Incorporate the best – emulate the strengths of the leaders in competition. (4) Gain superiority – go beyond the best practices installed and be the best of the best Hence, benchmarking techniques can signi? cantly help FM organisations to gain â€Å"superiority†, a nd can signi? cantly drive innovation in their performance measurement systems. Benchmarking within FM began to take shape in 1984, where the IFMA started to collect data on facilities trends and demographics. This was expanded in 1987 to include occupancy costs, which coincided with the initial interest in such data in the UK (Varcoe, 1996). In FM, benchmarking as a performance measurement technique is now well known however, and the application of benchmarking to FM performance criteria is now apparent within large organisations (McDougall and Hinks, 2000). It is the ideal tool for setting corporate goals and transforming them into tangibles which are delivered to the end customer and it is the tool that enables the senior manager to answer questions such as: where are we now? Where do we need to be? How do we get there? How could we remain there? The desired standards of performance are therefore to optimise process performance in order to deliver total quality and 100 per cent value to the end customer (Zairi, 1994). Gilleard and Yat-Lung (2004) stated that FM benchmarking issues are typically driven by ? nancial, organisational, change management, and customer-related needs. They may be either internally focussed or external driven. Therefore it has put pressure on FM teams that value customer-driven issues such as delivery of quality and timely services. It also fails to take into account how an organisation performs at a strategic level, whether from the worker or the workplace perspective. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI, 1993) produced an executive guide and point out the importance of benchmarking against: . The best you can ? nd whether within your industry or outside. . What is relevant to your customers view of what is important. . That thing that affects ? nancial performance. From an FM context, many people think that benchmarking is only about comparing cost levels. However Wauters (2005) revealed there are other aspects of FM that can be benchmarked. The most prominent of these aspects are: . Space use: Benchmarking the space use is a prime aspect as it drives all of the premises costs. The ? oor areas need to be known for the purpose of comparing costs of maintenance, cleaning etc; . . FM management: Benchmarking the effectiveness and cost of the facilities management operation on a strategic/tactical level; and Computer-aided FM systems: Benchmarking of the costs and effectiveness of the help desk. Performance measurement in FM 249 In addition, Hinks and McNay (1999) emphasise the need to measure performance gaps between service delivery and customer satisfaction. Hence, Hinks and McNay stress the need to rank benchmarking criteria, linking these to performance and service in such a way that their overall in? uence may be evaluated against business-driven imperatives. Further, Hinks and McNay suggest that the application of a manage-by-variance tool. The tool identi? es business and facility key performance indicators (KPI), helping to create a rank order among the benchmarking criteria. Further literature on benchmarking techniques focused within the FM discipline has come from Wauters (2005), Gilleard and Yat-Lung (2004), Loosemore and Hsin (2001), Massheder and Finch (1998), Akhlagi (1997) and Varcoe (1996). According to Wauters (2005) benchmarking is one of the techniques that has been used by many organisations and if applied correctly will lead to effective value management of facilities services. By this Wauters means that to use benchmarking effectively, you must identify the â€Å"ideal performance†, and hen emulate it. Benchmarking and service performance in FM Most services are provided through facilities (Brackertz and Kenley, 2002) and it has been suggested that the measurement of facilities should relate to the core business objectives such as customer satisfaction or service delivery (e. g. Walters, 1999; Tucker and Smith, 2008). As an integrated approach in managing the workplace, service is one of the key components facilities managers put for ward and seriously consider in achieving the set-up goals of the organisation. In service provision, FM is wide in scope, concerned with the major strategic decisions to the very detailed decisions such as posting the signs to the ladies’ toilet in a restaurant (Looy et al. , 2003). Therefore, in order to achieve organisational objectives, measuring service performance is crucial to the facilities manager. However, applied models that link facilities performance measurement to organisational strategy have to date, been limited (Brackertz and Kenley, 2002). It has been noted that in service ? ms, the importance of the physical setting depends on the nature of the job as well as the consumption experience. Consequently, she presented a typology of service environments or â€Å"servicescapes†, being those categories of a service based on who is performance in the servicescape (the customer, employees, or both) as well as the complexity of the servicescape. According to Looy et al. (2003), the customer perceives the servicescape holistically. They sug gest the environmental dimensions where customers value the service. Environmental dimensions comprise ambient conditions, spatial layout and process, and sign, symbols and artefacts (Figure 2). Ambient conditions refer largely to background characteristics such as noise, temperature and scent. In short, all the elements of our human environment affect the human ? ve senses. Spatial layout and process includes elements of the environment that are closely related to the core elements of service delivery. These dimensions refer to the way of arrangement and the physical and psychological effects on the customer. PM 26,4 250 Figure 2. Servicescape environment The other dimension relates to sign, symbols and artefacts. It is the item in the physical environment that serves as explicit or implicit communications to its users about the place. Tucker and Smith (2008) explored the importance of user perceptions within an organisational context, and how their perceptions can be evidenced and applied within FM. Tucker and Smith contended that there is a â€Å"logical customer performance ladder† (LCPL) that organisations should aspire to climb in order to achieve optimum levels of service delivery (Figure 3). The ladder acknowledges the importance of the initial user input to determine innovative ways of delivering what is important; to the internal business processes that will enable this delivery to be successful; to the strategic direction of the performance measures in line with their core business objectives; and to the consequent added value by increased customer satisfaction. Figure 3. Logical customer performance ladder Performance measurement is integral to the effective implementation of continuous improvement and added value within business (Tucker and Pitt, 2008a) and can act as a key driver for embedding innovation into the mindset. Tucker and Pitt (2008a) illustrate the importance of incorporating a performance-focused strategic concept in FM (Figure 4), emphasising that in order to achieve strategic FM, organisations should incorporate performance measurement through a balance of competitive service delivery and the application of best value principles, which will in turn feed directly into the core objectives of the organisation. Research in benchmarking and innovation in FM Generally the review of the literature has determined the area of proliferation in measuring FM performance. Measuring facilities performance contributes to the organisational successfulness to the innovation process. Benchmarking is among the accepted approaches involved in measuring â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† issues in facilities performance without denying the weaknesses of the technique itself. Hence, the innovation process of performance measurement systems, can be signi? cantly enhanced via the application of effective benchmarkin